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, Cet intérêt récent est lié au développement croissant de l'utilisation d'Internet (Saâdane, Semmar, 2012) Trois approches sont couramment évoquées dans la littérature pour réaliser la translittération: 1) A base de règles. 2) Statistiques et 3) Hybrides combinant les deux précédentes, Le problème de la translittération a suscité l'intérêt des spécialistes dans plusieurs langues, 2017.
, ont proposé un ensemble de règles permettant le passage de l'arabizi vers l'arabe. Ils ont signalé un nombre d'exceptions et de défis reliés aux traitements des voyelles. Rosca&Breuel (2016) ont abordé l'approche statistique où ils ont présenté un modèle basé sur les réseaux de neurones pour effectuer la translitération entre plusieurs paires de langues dont l'arabe et l'anglais, 2007.
, Darwish, 2013.
, Tous ces travaux suivent la même idée générale, à savoir générer un ensemble de possibilités de translittération, appelés candidats, pour ensuite déterminer le meilleur candidat à l'aide d'un modèle de translitération ou autre. Pour ce faire, Darwish (2013) construit manuellement un ensemble contenant 3452 mots arabizi (extrait de Twitter) translitéré vers l'arabe. Une partie de ce corpus arabizi-arabe a été utilisée dans le travail de, vol.les travaux de, 2013.
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, Analyse des résultats et des cas d'erreurs
, est à 45.35% et dans notre cas elle atteint 74,76% dans le cas de la recherche simple et où le corpus arabe utilisé est complet (c'est-à-dire 100%). Nous obtenons une précision égale à 75,11% dans le cas de notre corpus Test_300, qui représente le meilleur résultat obtenu, ce qui est compréhensible vu que notre approche est basée sur la translitération des messages extraient des médias sociaux et que la translitération est faite de l'arabizi vers l'arabe et non pas l, D'après le tableau 2, nous constatons que la taille du corpus arabe influe sur les résultats obtenus. Plus ce corpus est volumineux, meilleurs sont les résultats. Concernant les corpus de test, nous avons utilisé trois corpus contenant respectivement, vol.50, 2017.
, ???? 3) Dans certains cas deux translitérations sont correctes, tout dépend du contexte et du sens de la phrase. Par exemple, le mot 'raht' pourrait être translitéré en '?'???? ou en '?,'????? ou encore le mot 'djabat' qui pourrait être translitéré en '?'???? ou en '?'????? et ce tout dépend du sens de la phrase. 4) Des erreurs reliées aux mots puisant leurs signification du français et donc non reconnu par notre corpus dans la plupart des cas. Par exemple, le mot 'lafichage' est translitéré en '?'???????? au lieu de '?'??????? et le mot 'elsemastar' est translitéré en '?'?????????? au lieu de '?.'????????Toutes ces erreurs sont causé par deux principales raisons : 1) La non prise, Néanmoins en analysant le corpus translitéré, nous avons identifié les erreurs suivantes : 1) Omission de certaines voyelles où elles devraient apparaître. Par exemple : le mot 'bik' est translitéré en '?'??? au lieu de '?
,
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, 38) remarque que tout nom de chose matérielle peut remplir dans un énoncé le rôle sémantique de lieu. Blidon (2008:4) rappelle que « d'une certaine façon, tout objet est géographique si son traitement l'est » ; un objet qui est géolocalisé, comparé sur des critères de localisation, d'implantation, de classification, à des objets géographiques peut dès lors être considéré comme un lieu. Ce lieu (zone de commerce, axe piétonnier, voie cycliste, camp de concentration), cet objet localisé (banc, poubelle, chêne centenaire) sont désignés par une dénomination descriptive, mais qui n'est ni stable ni unique, des lieux et objets localisés utiles à l'activité humaine. D'un point de vue linguistique, Van de Velde, 2000.
, Ces contextes et objectifs étant spécifiques à chaque situation de production et d'analyse, les éléments qu'il est pertinent d'analyser comme des lieux ou des objets localisés varient selon les situations. Dans le contexte de l'analyse des récits de vie de Républicains espagnols, les différents camps constituent des lieux importants de l'analyse, à la fois par leur fréquence d'évocation dans les récits et les événements qui s'y rapportent. Par exemple, le camp situé à Argelès-sur-Mer admet plusieurs désignations qui varient selon les locuteurs et les moments du récit et rendent compte de ses différents usages : camp de concentration, camp d'internement, camp de regroupement, le camp célèbre d'internement des Républicains espagnols, Cette définition élargie de lieu est aussi dictée par les contextes de production des textes et les objectifs de leur analyse, 2006.
, L'identification d'un nom de lieu et des informations afférentes à ce lieu dans un texte a souvent pour objectif de représenter ces informations localisées c'est-à-dire de définir les objets cartographiques correspondant aux lieux et à leurs propriétés dans le texte, chaque objet cartographique étant caractérisé par son implantation, sa symbolisation et sa position
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, Identification des lieux NPr et Nc Les lieux NPr ont été identifiés à l'aide de dictionnaires construits ad hoc et de l'outil ANNIE de GATE qui reconnaît et annote dans des textes les occurrences des entrées des dictionnaires. Les dictionnaires ont été construits à partir de BDNyme 7 , la base de données toponymique de l'IGN et la ressource collaborative GeoNames 8 qui propose à la fois endonyme(s) et exonymes, utiles pour CoRR où les lieux peuvent être désignés en français
, Les deux corpus CoRR et CoMP ont été séparés en corpus d'apprentissage et corpus de validation et le Stanford NER a été entraîné sur le corpus d'apprentissage avant d'être intégré à une chaîne de traitements GATE construite ad hoc. Un lexique de mots génériques, Concernant les lieux Nc, la méthode d'identification mise en place repose sur l'apprentissage automatique à partir d'extraits de corpus annotés manuellement. L'outil d'apprentissage automatique choisi est le Stanford Named Entity Recognizer (NER) 9, 2005.
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, Ces derniers ont été étudiés récemment avec plusieurs approches quant à l'objet du plongement lexical, soit en considérant uniquement les descriptions Unicode des emojis comme groupe de métadonnées, Il existe encore peu de ressources pour les emojis, la plupart étant en fait des modèles de plongements lexicaux appris, 2016.
, Ce travail se rapproche donc de celui de Pohl (Pohl et al., 2017) à la différence que nous proposons une méthodologie pour obtenir des groupes au sein d'un type spécifique d
, Représentation vectorielle des emojis et plongements lexicaux
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, Pour obtenir une répartition plus fine de ces emojis, nous mettons en place des plongements lexicaux d'emojis (dits emoji embeddings) sur un corpus de tweets
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, Dans notre corpus nous considérons les emojis comme des mots comme les autres, bien qu'ils ne soient pas concernés par la lemmatisation effectuée avec WordNet (Miller, 1995)
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