H. E. Alavi and L. T. Hansen, Kinetics of biofilm formation and desiccation survival of Listeria monocytogenes in single and dual species biofilms with Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia proteamaculans or Shewanella baltica onfood-grade stainless steel surfaces, Biofouling, vol.29, pp.1253-1268, 2013.

P. A. Araujo, J. Malheiro, I. Machado, F. Mergulhao, L. Melo et al., Influence of flow velocity on the characteristics of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.142, issue.7, pp.4016031-4016039, 2016.

A. R. Baumann, S. E. Martin, and H. Feng, Removal of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms from stainless steel by use of ultrasound and ozone, Journal of Food Protection, vol.72, issue.6, pp.1306-1309, 2009.

T. Bénézech, C. Faille, A. Allion-maurer, and F. Aloui, Influence of aqueous flowing foam on biofilm removal towards industries sustainable cleaning conditions, Proceedings of the International Conference Biofilm 7, 2016.

W. Blel, T. Bénézech, P. Legentilhomme, J. Legrand, and C. Le-gentil-lelièvre, Effect of flow arrangement on the removal of Bacillus spores from stainless steel equipment surfaces during a Cleaning In Place procedure, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.62, pp.3798-3808, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01924305

W. Blel, C. Le-gentil-lelièvre, T. Bénézech, J. Legrand, and P. Legentilhomme, Application of turbulent pulsating flows to the bacterial removal during a cleaning in place procedure. Part 1: Experimental analysis of wall shear stress in a cylindrical pipe, Journal of Food Engineering, vol.90, pp.422-432, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01924314

W. Blel, C. Le-gentil-lelièvre, T. Bénézech, J. Legrand, and P. Legentilhomme, Application of turbulent pulsating flows to the bacterial removal during a cleaning in place procedure. Part 2: Effects on cleaning efficiency, Journal of Food Engineering, vol.90, pp.433-440, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01924314

W. Blel, P. Legentilhomme, C. Le-gentil-lelièvre, C. Faille, J. Legrand et al., , 2010.

, Cleanability study of complex geometries: Interaction between Bacillus cereus spores and the different flow eddies scales, Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol.49, pp.40-51

W. Blel, P. Legentilhomme, T. Bénézech, and F. Fayolle, Cleanability study of a scraped surface heat exchanger, Food Bioproducts Processing, vol.91, pp.95-102, 2013.

W. Blel, M. Dif, and O. Sire, Effect of a new regeneration process by adsorption-coagulation and flocculation on the physicochemical properties and the detergent efficiency of regenerated cleaning solutions, Journal of environmental management, vol.155, pp.1-10, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01924287

K. Bode, R. J. Hooper, W. R. Paterson, D. I. Wilson, W. Augustin et al., Pulsed flow cleaning of whey protein fouling layers, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol.28, issue.3, pp.202-209, 2007.

. A-c-c-e-p-t-e-d-m-a-n-u-s-c-r-i-p-t-22,

, Adhesion of Bacillus spores and Escherichia coli cells to inert surfaces : role of surface hydrophobicity, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.48, pp.728-738

C. Faille, J. M. Membré, J. P. Tissier, M. N. Bellon-fontaine, B. Carpentier et al., Influence of physicochemical properties on the hygienic status of stainless steel with various finishes, Biofouling, vol.15, issue.4, pp.261-274, 2000.

C. Faille, A. Ronse, E. Dewailly, C. Slomianny, E. Maes et al., , 2014.

, Presence and function of a thick mucous layer rich in polysaccharides around Bacillus subtilis spores, Biofouling, vol.30, issue.7, pp.845-858

C. Faille, Y. Sylla, C. Le-gentil, T. Bénézech, C. Slomianny et al., Viability and surface properties of spores subjected to a cleaning-in-place procedure. Consequences on their ability to contaminate surfaces of equipment, Food Microbiology, vol.27, pp.769-776, 2010.

S. H. Flint, J. D. Brooks, and P. J. Bremer, Properties of the stainless steel substrate, influencing the adhesion of thermo-resistant streptococci, Journal of Food Engineering, vol.43, issue.4, pp.235-242, 2000.

H. Foeste, M. Schoeler, J. Majschak, W. Augustin, and S. Scholl, Modeling and validation of the mechanism of pulsed flow cleaning, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol.34, issue.8-9, pp.753-760, 2013.

E. Galopin, G. Piret, S. Szunerits, Y. Lequette, C. Faille et al., Selective adhesion of Bacillus cereus spores on heterogeneously wetted silicon nanowires, Langmuir, vol.26, issue.5, pp.3479-3484, 2010.

G. G. Geesey, R. J. Gillis, R. Avci, D. Daly, M. Hamilton et al., The influence of surface features on bacterial colonization and subsequent substratum chemical changes of 316L stainless steel, Corrosion Science, vol.38, pp.73-95, 1996.

E. D. Giaouris and G. J. Nychas, The adherence of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 to stainless steel: The importance of the air-liquid interface and nutrient availability, Food Microbiology, vol.23, issue.8, pp.747-752, 2006.

C. R. Gillham, P. J. Fryer, A. P. Hasting, and D. I. Wilson, Enhanced cleaning of whey protein soils using pulsed flows, Journal of Food Engineering, vol.46, pp.199-209, 2000.

B. Gottenbos, Antimicrobial effects of positively charged surfaces on adhering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.48, issue.1, pp.7-13, 2001.

H. Hayrapetyan, T. Abee, and M. M. Groot, Sporulation dynamics and spore heat resistance in wet and dry biofilms of Bacillus cereus, Food Control, vol.60, pp.493-499, 2016.

M. Hermansson, The DLVO theory in microbial adhesion, Colloids and Surfaces Part B-Biointerfaces, vol.14, pp.105-119, 1999.

L. R. Hilbert, D. Bagge-ravn, J. Kold, and L. Gram, Influence of surface roughness of stainless steel on microbial adhesion and corrosion resistance, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, vol.52, pp.175-185, 2003.

, ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Version postprint Comment citer ce document

C. Faille, C. Cunault, T. Dubois, and T. Bénézech, Hygienic design of food processing lines to mitigate the risk of bacterial food contamination with respect to environmental concerns. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, vol.46, pp.65-73, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01837482

. A-c-c-e-p-t-e-d-m-a-n-u-s-c-r-i-p-t-23,

U. Hüsmark and U. Rönner, Adhesion of Bacillus cereus spores to different solid surfaces : cleaned or conditioned with various food agents, Biofouling, vol.7, pp.57-65, 1993.

B. B. Jensen, A. Friis, T. Bénézech, P. Legentilhomme, and C. Lelièvre, Local wall shear stress variations predicted by computational fluid dynamics for hygienic design, Colloids and Surfaces Part C, Food and Bioproducts Processing, vol.83, pp.1-8, 2005.

C. Jullien, T. Bénézech, B. Carpentier, V. Lebret, and C. Faille, Identification of surface characteristics relevant to the hygienic status of stainless steel for the food industry, Journal of Food Engineering, vol.56, issue.1, pp.77-87, 2003.

C. Jullien, T. Benezech, C. Gentil, . Le, L. Boulange-petermann et al., Physico-chemical and hygienic property modifications of stainless steel surfaces induced by conditioning with food and detergent, Biofouling, vol.24, issue.3, pp.163-172, 2008.

S. Kalasin, J. Dabkowski, K. Nusslein, and M. M. Santore, The role of nano-scale heterogeneous electrostatic interactions in initial bacterial adhesion from flow: A case study with Staphylococcus aureus, Colloids and Surfaces Part B-Biointerfaces, vol.76, issue.2, pp.489-495, 2010.

A. Kondjoyan, S. Dessaigne, J. M. Herry, and M. N. Bellon-fontaine, Capillary force required to detach micron-sized particles from solid surfaces-Validation with bubbles circulating in water and 2 mm-diameter latex sphere, Colloids and Surfaces Part B-Biointerfaces, vol.73, issue.2, pp.276-283, 2009.

H. D. Kusumaningrum, G. Riboldi, W. C. Hazeleger, and R. R. Beumer, Survival of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel surfaces and cross-contamination to foods, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.85, pp.227-236, 2003.

L. Gentil, C. Sylla, Y. Faille, and C. , Bacterial re-contamination of surfaces of food processing lines during cleaning in place procedures, Journal of Food Engineering, vol.96, pp.37-42, 2010.

C. Lelièvre, G. Antonini, C. Faille, and T. Bénézech, Cleaning in place: modelling of cleaning Kinetics of pipes soiled by Bacillus spores assuming a process combining removal and deposition, Food and Bioproducts Processing, vol.80, issue.4, pp.305-311, 2002.

C. Lelièvre, P. Legentilhomme, J. Legrand, C. Faille, and T. Bénézech, Hygienic design: influence of the local wall shear stress variations on the cleanability of a three-way valve, Chemical Engineering Research & Design, vol.81, issue.A9, pp.1071-1076, 2003.

M. Lemos, F. Mergulhão, L. Melo, and M. Simões, The effect of shear stress on the formation and removal of Bacillus cereus biofilms. Food and Bioproducts Processing, vol.93, pp.242-248, 2015.

Y. Lequette, G. Boels, M. Clarisse, and C. Faille, Using enzymes to remove biofilms of bacterial isolates sampled in the food-industry, Biofouling, vol.26, issue.4, pp.421-431, 2010.

B. K. Li and B. E. Logan, Bacterial adhesion to glass and metal-oxide surfaces, Colloids and Surfaces Part B-Biointerfaces, vol.36, issue.2, pp.81-90, 2004.

Y. J. Liu, J. Xie, L. J. Zhao, Y. F. Qian, Y. Zhao et al., Biofilm Formation characteristics of Version postprint Comment citer ce document, 2015.

C. Faille, C. Cunault, T. Dubois, and T. Bénézech, Hygienic design of food processing lines to mitigate the risk of bacterial food contamination with respect to environmental concerns. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, vol.46, pp.65-73, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01837482

, Pseudomonas lundensis isolated from meat, Journal of Food Science, vol.80, issue.12, pp.2904-2910

F. A. Lopes, P. Morin, R. Oliveira, and L. F. Melo, The influence of nickel on the adhesion ability of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Colloids and Surfaces Part B-Biointerfaces, vol.46, issue.2, pp.127-133, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01814496

R. Majed, C. Faille, M. Kallassy, and M. Gohar, Bacillus cereus biofilms-same, only different, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.7, pp.1-16, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02634447

E. Medilanski, K. Kaufmann, L. Y. Wick, O. Wanner, and H. Harms, Influence of the surface topography of stainless steel on bacterial adhesion, Biofouling, vol.18, issue.3, pp.193-203, 2002.

E. E. Meyer, K. J. Rosenberg, and J. Israelachvili, Recent progress in understanding hydrophobic interactions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, issue.43, pp.15739-15746, 2006.

L. Mi, M. T. Bernards, G. Cheng, Q. M. Yu, and S. Y. Jiang, pH responsive properties of nonfouling mixed-charge polymer brushes based on quaternary amine and carboxylic acid monomers, Biomaterials, issue.10, pp.2919-2925, 2010.

G. Midelet and B. Carpentier, Transfer of microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes, from various materials to beef, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.8, pp.4015-4024, 2002.

J. M. Moreira, R. Fulgêncio, I. Machado, I. Bialuch, L. Melo et al., Evaluation of SICAN performance for biofouling mitigation in the food industry, Food Control, vol.62, pp.201-207, 2016.

Y. L. Ong, A. Razatos, G. Georgiou, and M. M. Sharma, Adhesion forces between E. coli bacteria and biomaterial surfaces, Langmuir, vol.15, pp.2719-2725, 1999.

J. Palmer, S. Flint, and J. Brooks, Bacterial cell attachment, the beginning of a biofilm, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, vol.34, issue.9, pp.577-588, 2007.

J. D. Patel, M. Ebert, R. Ward, and J. M. Anderson, S. epidermidis biofilm formation: effects of biomaterial surface chemistry and serum proteins, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A, vol.80, issue.3, pp.742-751, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00671043

C. I. Pereni, Q. Zhao, Y. Liu, and E. Abel, Surface free energy effect on bacterial retention, Colloids and Surfaces Part B-Biointerfaces, vol.48, issue.2, pp.143-147, 2006.

D. Perera-costa, .. Ruque, .. Me--garcía, A. C. Vadillo-rodríguez, and V. ,

, Langmuir, vol.30, pp.4633-4641

L. Ploux, S. Beckendorff, M. Nardin, and S. Neunlist, Quantitative and morphological analysis of biofilm formation on self-assembled monolayers, Colloids and Surfaces Part B-Biointerfaces, vol.57, issue.2, pp.174-181, 2007.

A. Sénéchal, S. D. Carrigan, and M. Tabrizian, Probing surface adhesion forces of Enterococcus faecalis to medical-grade polymers using atomic force microscopy, Langmuir, vol.20, issue.10, p.4172, 2004.

C. Faille, C. Cunault, T. Dubois, and T. Bénézech, Hygienic design of food processing lines to mitigate the risk of bacterial food contamination with respect to environmental concerns. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, vol.46, pp.65-73, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01837482

. A-c-c-e-p-t-e-d-m-a-n-u-s-c-r-i-p-t-25,

X. X. Sheng, Y. P. Ting, and S. O. Pehkonen, Force measurements of bacterial adhesion on metals using a cell probe atomic force microscope, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.310, issue.2, pp.661-669, 2007.

E. B. Somers and A. C. Wong, Efficacy of two cleaning and sanitizing combinations on Listeria monocytogenes biofilms formed at low temperature on a variety of materials in the presence of ready-to-eat meat residue, Journal of Food Protection, vol.67, issue.10, pp.2218-2229, 2004.

S. Srey, I. K. Jahid, and S. Ha, Biofilm formation in food industries: A food safety concern, Food Control, vol.31, pp.572-585, 2013.

E. Storgards, H. Simola, A. M. Sjoberg, and G. Wirtanen, Hygiene of gasket materials used in food processing equipment, Part 1: New materials. Food and Bioproducts Processing, vol.77, pp.137-145, 1999.

Y. Sylla, C. Faille, and T. Bénézech, Removal kinetics of Bacillus cereus biofilms from food equipment cleaned in place, Proceedings of ICEF11, 2011.

H. Tang, T. Cao, X. Liang, A. Wang, S. O. Salley et al., Influence of silicone surface roughness and hydrophobicity on adhesion and colonization of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research -Part A, vol.88, issue.2, pp.454-463, 2009.

A. Terada, A. Yuasa, S. Tsuneda, A. Hirata, A. Katakai et al., Elucidation of dominant effect on initial bacterial adhesion onto polymer surfaces prepared by radiationinduced graft polymerization, Colloids and Surfaces Part B: Biointerfaces, vol.43, issue.2, pp.99-107, 2005.

V. Vadillo-rodríguez, H. J. Busscher, H. C. Van-der-mei, J. De-vries, and W. Norde, Role of Lactobacillus cell surface hydrophobicity as probed by AFM in adhesion to surfaces at low and high ionic strength, Colloids and Surfaces Part B: Biointerfaces, vol.41, issue.1, pp.33-41, 2005.

C. J. Van-oss, Hydrophobicity and hydropholicity of biosurfaces. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, vol.2, pp.503-512, 1997.

C. J. Van-oss, Interfacial interfacial forces in aqueous media, 2006.

M. J. Vieira, L. F. Melo, and M. M. Pinheiro, Biofilm formation: hydrodynamic effects on internal diffusion and structure, Biofouling, vol.7, pp.67-80, 1993.

K. A. Whitehead, J. Colligon, and J. Verran, Retention of microbial cells in substratum surface features of micrometer and sub-micrometer dimensions, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol.41, pp.129-138, 2005.

J. G. Wijman, P. P. De-leeuw, R. Moezelaar, M. H. Zwietering, and T. Abee, Air-liquid interface biofilms of Bacillus cereus: formation, sporulation, and dispersion, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.5, pp.1481-1488, 2007.

S. Xiaoxia, T. Y. Peng, and P. S. Olavi, Direct force measurement of bacteria adhesion on metal, 2006.