Unifying natural and laboratory chemical weathering with interfacial dissolution-reprecipitation: A study based on the nanometer-scale chemistry of fluid-silicate interfaces
Résumé
Chemical weathering reactions of rocks at Earth's surface play a major role in the chemical cycle of elements, and represent one of the major abiotic sinks for atmospheric CO 2. Because natural chemical weathering reactions occur at different and more complex chemical conditions than laboratory-based weathering experiments, it has long been thought that the underlying fluid-mineral interaction mechanisms are different. In contrast to most previous studies that have relied on ion, electron, and X-ray beam techniques (characterized by μm to mm lateral spatial resolution) to obtain chemical depth profiles of altered mineral surfaces, we have used high resolution and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, EFTEM) to study mineral-fluid interfaces using TEM foils cut directly across the reaction boundaries. This allowed measurements to be made directly in cross section at nanometer to sub-nanometer-resolution. Our measurements of the surface chemistry and structure of a large suite of laboratory-altered and field-weathered silicate minerals indicate the general presence of surface layers composed of amorphous, hydrated silica. In each case, the boundary between the parent mineral and the corresponding silica layer is characterized by sharp, nanometer-scale chemical concentration jumps that are spatially coincident with a very sharp crystalline-amorphous interfacial boundary. TEM, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and aqueous chemistry data suggest that the surface layers are permeable to fluids. Taken together, our measurements are not in agreement with currently accepted models for chemical weathering, in particular the leached layer theory. Most importantly, our data provide critical evidence for a single mechanism based on interfacial dissolution-reprecipitation. This concept not only unifies weathering processes for the first time, but we also suggest that nanoscale-surface processes can have a potentially negative impact on CO 2 uptake associated with chemical weathering. The results in this study, when combined with recently published research on fluid-assisted mineral replacement reactions, supports the idea that dissolution-reprecipitation is a universal mechanism controlling fluid-mineral interactions (Putnis and Putnis, 2007). Based on this we propose the existence of a chemical weathering continuum based solely on the interfacial dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Mots clés
Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy
Earth's surface
Interaction mechanisms
Hydrated silica
Leached layers
Interfacial boundary
Nano-meter-scale
Mineral surfaces
Negative impacts
Replacement reactions
Surface layers
Single mechanisms
Spatial resolution
Silica layers
Transmission electron
Weathering process
X ray beam
Dissolution
Geochemistry
Carbon dioxide
Atomic force microscopy
Fluids
Atmospheric chemistry
High resolution transmission electron microscopy
Leaching
precipitation (chemistry)
silicate mineral
Substitution reactions
Silica
Silicate minerals
carbon sink
carbon sequestration
Weathering
Surface structure
Transmission electron microscopy
Surface chemistry
Chemical concentrations
Chemical conditions
Aqueous chemistry
Atmospheric CO
Chemical weathering
Chemical depth profile
Cross section
Dissolution-reprecipitation
High resolution
Fluid-solid interfaces