F. Ackermann, A procedure for correcting the grain size effect in heavy metal analyses of estuarine and coastal sediments, Environmental Technology Letters, vol.50, issue.11, pp.518-527, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00471938

E. Aguilar, A. A. Barry, M. Brunet, L. Ekang, A. Fernandes et al., Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in western central Africa, Guinea Conakry, and Zimbabwe, pp.1955-2006, 2009.

A. Assaker, Hydrologie et biogéochimie du bassin versant du fleuve Ibrahim : un observatoire du fonctionnement de la zone critique au Liban, p.255, 2016.

D. Aubert, P. Stille, and A. Probst, REE fractionation during granite weathering and removal by waters and suspended loads: Sr and Nd isotopic evidence, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.65, issue.3, pp.387-406, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00546-9

H. Baioumy and H. A. Gilg, Pisolitic flint kaolin from Kalabsha, Egypt: A laterite-derived facies, Sedimentary Geology, vol.236, issue.1-2, pp.141-152, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.01.002

P. H. Beckett, The Use of Extractants in Studies on Trace Metals in Soils, Sewage Sludges, and Sludge-Treated Soils, Adv. Soil Sci, vol.9, pp.143-176, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-3532-3_3

A. Benabdelkader, A. Talebb, J. L. Probst, N. Belaidi, and A. Probst, Anthropogenic contribution and influencing factors on metal features in fluvial sediments from a semi-arid Mediterranean river basin (Tafna River, Algeria): A multi-indices approach, Science of The Total Environment, vol.626, pp.899-914, 2018.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.107

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01713164

J. L. Boeglin and J. L. Probst, Physical and chemical weathering rates and CO2 consumption in a tropical lateritic environment: the upper Niger basin, Chemical Geology, vol.148, issue.3-4, pp.137-156, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00025-4

H. J. Bowen, Environmental Chemistry of the Elements, 1979.

J. J. Braun, M. Pagel, J. P. Muller, P. Bilong, A. Michard et al., Cerium anomalies in lateritic profiles, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.3, pp.781-795, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90373-S

J. J. Braun, M. Pagel, A. Herbillon, and C. Roisin, Mobilization and redistribution of REEs and thorium in a syenitic lateritic profile: A mass balance study, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.57, issue.18, pp.4419-4434, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90492-F

G. A. Burton, Sediment quality criteria in use around the world, Limnology, vol.3, issue.2, pp.65-76, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s102010200008

C. Pinto, M. M. Dinis, P. A. Silva, M. M. Ferreira-da-silva, and E. A. , Sediment generation on a volcanic island with arid tropical climate: A??perspective based on geochemical maps of topsoils and stream sediments from Santiago Island, Cape Verde, Applied Geochemistry, vol.75, pp.114-124, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.10.019

C. Pinto, M. M. Silva, M. M. Ferreira-da-silva, E. A. Dinis, P. A. Rocha et al., Transfer processes of potentially toxic elements (PTE) from rocks to soils and the origin of PTE in soils: a case study on the island of Santiago (Cape Verde), J. Geochem. Explor.Part B), pp.183-140, 2017.

X. Cao, Y. Chen, X. Wang, and X. Deng, Effects of redox potential and pH value on the release of rare earth elements from soil, Chemosphere, vol.44, issue.4, pp.655-661, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00492-6

J. Carignan, P. Hild, G. Mevelle, J. Morel, D. Yeghicheyan et al., Routine analyses of trace elements in geological samples using flow injection and low pressure on-line liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS: a study of reference materials, Newsl.: J. Geostand. Geoanal, vol.25, pp.2-3, 2001.

J. M. Casas, H. Rosas, M. Sole, and C. Lao, Heavy metals and metalloids in sediments from the Llobregat basin Spain, Environ. Geol, vol.44, pp.325-332, 2003.

R. Chester and J. H. Stoner, Pb in Particulates from the Lower Atmosphere of the Eastern Atlantic, Nature, vol.4, issue.5419, pp.27-28, 1973.
DOI : 10.1038/245027b0

J. S. Compton, R. A. White, and M. Smith, Rare earth element behavior in soils and salt pan sediments of a semi-arid granitic terrain in the Western Cape, South Africa, Chemical Geology, vol.201, issue.3-4, pp.239-255, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00239-0

M. Diakité and N. Doumbouya, Zones agro-écologiques de la Haute Guinée, Programme Recherche/Systèmes, vol.62, pp.43-49, 2000.

M. I. Dias and M. I. Prudêncio, On the importance of using scandium to normalize geochemical data preceding multivariate analyses applied to archaeometric pottery studies, Microchemical Journal, vol.88, issue.2, pp.136-141, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.microc.2007.11.009

M. E. Diop, Caractéristiques spatio-temporelles de reproduction de quelques espèces de poissons d'Afrique de l'ouest, Thèse de doctorat de l'Institut Supérieur de Formation et des Recherches Appliquée (ISFRA), p.239, 2000.

D. Esmaeily, H. Rahimpour-bonab, A. Esna-ashari, and A. Kananian, Petrography and geochemistry of the jajarm karst bauxite ore deposit, NE Iran : implications for source rock material and ore genesis, Turk. J. Earth Sci, vol.19, pp.267-284, 2009.

D. M. Gaiero, P. J. Depetris, J. L. Probst, S. M. Bidart, and L. Leleyter, The signature of river- and wind-borne materials exported from Patagonia to the southern latitudes: a view from REEs and implications for paleoclimatic interpretations, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.219, issue.3-4, pp.357-376, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00686-1

D. M. Gaiero, J. L. Probst, P. J. Depetris, S. M. Bidart, and L. Leleyter, Iron and other transition metals in Patagonian riverborne and windborne materials: geochemical control and transport to the southern South Atlantic Ocean, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.67, issue.19, pp.3603-3623, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00211-4

J. Gaillardet, B. Dupré, and C. J. Allègre, A global geochemical mass budget applied to the Congo basin rivers: Erosion rates and continental crust composition, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.59, issue.17, pp.3469-3485, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00230-W

A. Galuszka and Z. M. Migaszewski, Geochemical background - an environmental perspective, Mineralogia, vol.2, issue.7, pp.7-17, 2011.
DOI : 10.1006/enfo.2001.0045

J. P. Ghestem and A. Bermond, EDTA Extractability of Trace Metals in Polluted Soils: A Chemical-Physical Study, Environmental Technology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.409-416, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/09593331908616696

R. Goloubinow, Notice explicative sur la feuille Kankan Est (N° NC, 1950.

A. Grande-imprimerie, , p.28

J. M. Gregoire and H. G. Kohl, Space technology and prediction of the availability of flood water in the Niger River, pp.287-293, 1986.

L. P. Gromet, R. F. Dymek, L. A. Haskin, and R. L. Korotev, The ???North American shale composite???: Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.12, pp.2469-2482, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90298-9

F. E. Grousset, C. R. Quetel, B. Thomas, O. F. Donard, C. E. Lambert et al., Anthropogenic vs. lithogenic origins of trace elements (As, Cd, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Zn) in water column particles: northwestern Mediterranean Sea, water column particles: northwestern Mediterranean Sea, pp.291-310, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4203(94)00056-J

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01590132

L. Hernandez, A. Probst, J. L. Probst, and E. Ulrich, Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination, Science of The Total Environment, vol.312, issue.1-3, pp.195-219, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00223-7

C. Hissler and J. L. Probst, Impact of mercury atmospheric deposition on soils and streams in a mountainous catchment (Vosges, France) polluted by chlor-alkali industrial activity: The important trapping role of the organic matter, Science of The Total Environment, vol.361, issue.1-3, pp.163-178, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.023

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00290655

A. M. Horbe and M. L. Da-costa, Geochemical evolution of a lateritic Sn???Zr???Th???Nb???Y???REE-bearing ore body derived from apogranite: the case of Pitinga, Amazonas ??? Brazil, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol.66, issue.1-2, pp.339-351, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0375-6742(99)00002-3

A. J. Horowitz and K. A. Elrick, The relation of stream sediment surface area, grain size and composition to trace element chemistry, Applied Geochemistry, vol.2, issue.4, pp.437-451, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0883-2927(87)90027-8

J. T. Hutton, Titanium and zirconium minerals, Minerals in Soil Environment, p.673, 1977.

A. Kabata-pendias and H. Pendias, Trace Elements in Soil and Plants, second ed, p.365, 1992.

C. Laveuf, S. Cornu, and F. Juillot, Rare earth elements as tracers of pedogenetic processes, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol.340, issue.8, pp.523-532, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452682

L. Leleyter, J. L. Probst, P. Depretris, S. Haida, J. Mortatti et al., REE Distribution Pattern in River Sediments : Partitioning into Residual and Labile Fractions Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, pp.45-52, 1999.

L. Leleyter, C. Rousseau, L. Biree, and F. Baraud, Comparison of EDTA, HCl and sequential extraction procedures, for selected metals (Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn), in soils, riverine and marine sediments, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol.116, issue.117, pp.51-59, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.03.006

C. S. Li, X. F. Shi, S. J. Kao, Y. G. Liu, H. H. Lyu et al., Rare earth elements in fine-grained sediments of major rivers from the high-standing island of Taiwan, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol.69, pp.39-40, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.03.001

E. R. Long and L. G. Morgan, The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorbed contaminants tested in the National Status and Trends Program, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and appendices), p.175, 1991.

D. H. Loring, Lithium ??? a new approach for the granulometric normalization of trace metal data, Marine Chemistry, vol.29, pp.156-168, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4203(90)90011-Z

S. N. Luoma, Processes affecting metal concentrations in estuarine and coastal marine sediments, Heavy Metals in Marine Environment, pp.51-66, 1990.

D. D. Macdonald, C. G. Ingersoll, and T. A. Berger, Development and Evaluation of Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines for Freshwater Ecosystems, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.39, issue.1, pp.20-31, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002440010075

M. Ec, Ministère de l'Environnement du Québec et Environnement Canada), 1992. Critères intérimaires pour l'évaluation de la qualité des sédiments du Saint

, Ministère des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, pp.30-418, 1991.

S. M. Mclennan, Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks : influence of the provenance and sedimentary processes Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements, Rebiews in Mineralogy, vol.21, pp.169-200, 1989.

N. 'guessan, Y. M. Probst, J. L. Bur, T. Probst, and A. , Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, S-W France): where do they come from? Sci. Total Environ, pp.2939-2952, 2009.

H. Pekey, The distribution and sources of heavy metals in Izmit Bay surface sediments affected by a polluted stream, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.52, issue.10, pp.1197-1208, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.012

D. Persaud, R. Jaagumagi, and A. Hayton, Guidelines for the Protection and Management of Aquatic Sediment Quality in Ontario, Water Resources Branch, p.27, 1993.

J. L. Probst, A. Messaïtfa, G. Krempp, and P. Behra, Fluvial transports of mercury pollution in the Ill river basin (Northeastern France) : partitioning into aqueous phases, suspended matter and bottom sediments, Environmental Science. Mercury Contaminated Site, pp.501-520, 1999.

C. Reimann and P. De-caritat, Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources for elements in the environment: regional geochemical surveys versus enrichment factors, Science of The Total Environment, vol.337, issue.1-3, pp.91-107, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.011

V. Roussiez, W. Ludwig, A. Monaco, J. L. Probst, J. Bouloubassi et al., Sources and sinks of sediment-bound contaminants in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean Sea): A multi-tracer approach, Continental Shelf Research, vol.26, issue.16, pp.1843-1857, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csr.2006.04.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00170779

V. Roussiez, W. Ludwig, J. L. Probst, and A. Monaco, Background levels of heavy metals in surficial sediments of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean): An approach based on 133Cs normalization and lead isotope measurements, Environmental Pollution, vol.138, issue.1, pp.167-177, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.02.004

W. Salomons and U. Förstner, Trace metal analysis on polluted sediments, Environmental Technology Letters, vol.296, issue.11, pp.494-505, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00471938

K. C. Schiff and S. B. Weisberg, Iron as a reference element for determining trace metal enrichment in Southern California coastal shelf sediments, Marine Environmental Research, vol.48, issue.2, pp.161-176, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-1136(99)00033-1

M. M. Silva, C. Pinto, M. M. Carvalho, and P. C. , Major, trace and REE geochemistry of recent sediments from lower Catumbela River (Angola), Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.115, pp.203-217, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.12.014

M. Singh, G. Müller, G. Singh, and I. B. , Heavy metals in freshly deposited stream sediments of rivers associated with urbanisation of the Ganga plain, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.141, issue.1/4, pp.35-54, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1021339917643

K. P. Singh, D. Mohan, V. K. Singh, and A. Malik, Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sediments???a tributary of the Ganges, India, Journal of Hydrology, vol.312, issue.1-4, pp.14-27, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.01.021

S. L. Smith, D. D. Macdonald, K. A. Keenleyside, C. G. Ingersoll, and J. Field, A Preliminary Evaluation of Sediment Quality Assessment Values for Freshwater Ecosystems, Journal of Great Lakes Research, vol.22, issue.3, pp.624-638, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70985-1

M. F. Soto-jimenez and F. Paez-osuna, Distribution and Normalization of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Mangrove and Lagoonal Sediments from Mazatl??n Harbor (SE Gulf of California), Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.53, issue.3, pp.259-274, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/ecss.2000.0814

M. D. Sudom and R. J. St-arnaud, USE OF QUARTZ, ZIRCONIUM AND TITANIUM AS INDICES IN PEDOLOGICAL STUDIES, Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol.17, issue.3, pp.385-396, 1971.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1953.03615995001700030026x

R. A. Sutherland, A comparison of geochemical information obtained from two fluvial bed sediment fractions, Environmental Geology, vol.39, issue.3-4, pp.330-341, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002540050012

N. F. Tam and M. W. Yao, Normalisation and heavy metal contamination in mangrove sediments, Science of The Total Environment, vol.216, issue.1-2, pp.33-39, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00132-6

S. R. Taylor and S. M. Mc-lennan, Composition and evolution of the continental crust, Blackwell Scientific publications, p.312, 1985.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511575358.014

N. Valette-silver, The Use of Sediment Cores to Reconstruct Historical Trends in Contamination of Estuarine and Coastal Sediments, Estuaries, vol.16, issue.3, pp.577-588, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/1352796

H. Vital and K. Stattegger, Major and trace elements of stream sediments from the lowermost Amazon River, Chemical Geology, vol.168, issue.1-2, pp.151-168, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00191-1

J. I. Wear and C. E. Evans, Relationship of Zinc Uptake by Corn and Sorghum to Soil Zinc Measured by Three Extractants1, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.32, issue.4, pp.543-546, 1968.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1968.03615995003200040035x

W. Wildi, J. Dominik, J. L. Loizeau, R. L. Thomas, P. Y. Favarger et al., River, reservoir and lake sediment contamination by heavy metals downxtream from urban areas of Switzerland, Res. Manag, vol.9, pp.75-87, 2004.

H. L. Windom, S. J. Schropp, F. D. Calder, J. D. Ryan, R. G. Smith et al., Natural trace metal concentrations in estuarine and coastal marine sediments of the southeastern United States, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.23, issue.3, pp.314-320, 1989.
DOI : 10.1021/es00180a008

W. H. Zoller, E. S. Gladney, and R. A. Duce, Atmospheric Concentrations and Sources of Trace Metals at the South Pole, Science, vol.183, issue.4121, pp.198-200, 1974.
DOI : 10.1126/science.183.4121.198