How to make an intestine, Development, vol.141, pp.752-760, 2014. ,
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitro, Nature, vol.470, pp.105-109, 2011. ,
Generating human intestinal tissue from pluripotent stem cells in vitro, Nature protocols, vol.6, pp.1920-1928, 2011. ,
An in vivo model of human small intestine using pluripotent stem cells, Nature medicine, vol.20, pp.1310-1314, 2014. ,
Engineered human pluripotent-stem-cell-derived intestinal tissues with a functional enteric nervous system, Nature medicine, vol.23, pp.49-59, 2017. ,
Transcriptome-wide Analysis Reveals Hallmarks of Human Intestine Development and Maturation In Vitro and In Vivo, Stem cell reports, 2015. ,
Organoid Models of Human Gastrointestinal Development and Disease, Gastroenterology, vol.150, pp.1098-1112, 2016. ,
The Contributions of Human Mini-Intestines to the Study of Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology, Annu Rev Physiol, vol.79, pp.291-312, 2017. ,
On Buckling Morphogenesis, J Biomech Eng, vol.138, p.21005, 2016. ,
The direction of gut looping is established by changes in the extracellular matrix and in cell:cell adhesion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.105, pp.8499-8506, 2008. ,
Villification: how the gut gets its villi, Science, vol.342, pp.212-218, 2013. ,
Bending gradients: how the intestinal stem cell gets its home, Cell, vol.161, pp.569-580, 2015. ,
On the growth and form of the gut, Nature, vol.476, pp.57-62, 2011. ,
Development of an endoluminal intestinal lengthening capsule, Journal of pediatric surgery, vol.47, pp.136-141, 2012. ,
Scalability of an endoluminal spring for distraction enterogenesis, Journal of pediatric surgery, vol.51, 1988. ,
Development of an endoluminal intestinal attachment for a clinically applicable distraction enterogenesis device, Journal of pediatric surgery, vol.51, pp.101-106, 2016. ,
Development of an endoluminal intestinal lengthening device using a geometric intestinal attachment approach, Surgery, vol.158, pp.802-811, 2015. ,
Mechanical Extension Implants for Short-Bowel Syndrome, Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng, vol.6173, p.617309, 2006. ,
Immunohistochemical toolkit for tracking and quantifying xenotransplanted human stem cells, Regenerative medicine, vol.9, pp.437-452, 2014. ,
The feasibility of using an endoluminal device for intestinal lengthening, Journal of pediatric surgery, vol.45, pp.1575-1580, 2010. ,
A study of the small intestinal mucosa using the scanning electron microscope, Gut, vol.10, pp.940-949, 1969. ,
The Secretion and Action of Brush Border Enzymes in the Mammalian Small Intestine, Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol, vol.168, pp.59-118, 2015. ,
A guide to Ussing chamber studies of mouse intestine, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, vol.296, pp.1151-1166, 2009. ,
Ano1 is a selective marker of interstitial cells of Cajal in the human and mouse gastrointestinal tract, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, vol.296, pp.1370-1381, 2009. ,
Mechanosensitive mechanisms in transcriptional regulation, Journal of cell science, vol.125, pp.3061-3073, 2012. ,
Left-right asymmetry in gut development: what happens next?, Bioessays, vol.31, pp.1026-1037, 2009. ,
Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists, vol.238, pp.29-42, 2009. ,
Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, vol.25, pp.221-251, 2009. ,
Vertebrate intestinal endoderm development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists, vol.240, pp.501-520, 2011. ,
Self-organization of the human embryo in the absence of maternal tissues, Nature cell biology, vol.18, pp.700-708, 2016. ,
The growth pattern of the human intestine and its mesentery, Bmc Dev Biol, p.15, 2015. ,
Evaluation of regional and whole gut motility using the wireless motility capsule: relevance in clinical practice, Therap Adv Gastroenterol, vol.5, pp.249-260, 2012. ,
Fluid mechanics of eating, swallowing and digestion -overview and perspectives, Food & function, vol.4, pp.443-447, 2013. ,
Prolonged Absence of Mechanoluminal Stimulation in Human Intestine Alters the Transcriptome and Intestinal Stem Cell Niche, Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.3, pp.367-388, 2017. ,
Preliminary mechanical characterization of the small bowel for in vivo robotic mobility, J Biomech Eng, 2011. ,
The zero-stress state of the gastrointestinal tract: biomechanical and functional implications. Digestive diseases and sciences, vol.45, pp.2271-2281, 2000. ,
Organs-on-chips: Progress, challenges, and future directions, Exp Biol Med ,
Developing organ-on-a-chip concepts using biomechatronic design methodology, Biofabrication, 2017. ,
SnapShot: Growing Organoids from Stem Cells, Cell, p.161, 2015. ,
Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids, Nature, vol.516, p.400, 2014. ,
Three-dimensional pancreas organogenesis models, Diabetes Obes Metab, vol.18, pp.33-40, 2016. ,
In Vivo Model of Small Intestine, Methods Mol Biol, vol.1597, pp.229-245, 2017. ,
Thermoneutral housing exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice and allows for sex-independent disease modeling, Nature medicine, vol.23, pp.829-838, 2017. ,
Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation, Nat Biotechnol, vol.28, pp.511-515, 2010. ,
Identification of novel transcripts in annotated genomes using RNA-Seq, Bioinformatics, vol.27, pp.2325-2329, 2011. ,
Improving RNA-Seq expression estimates by correcting for fragment bias, Genome Biol, vol.12, 2011. ,
, The UCSC Known Genes. Bioinformatics, vol.22, pp.1036-1046, 2006.
Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2, Genome Biol, vol.15, p.550, 2014. ,
HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements, Nat Methods, vol.12, pp.357-360, 2015. ,
Interactive Visualization of RNA-seq Data Using a Principal Components Approach, 2017. ,
, All samples displayed positivity for the brush border markers. Scale = 25 µm. These experiments were repeated three times independently and findings were similar. (e) Normalized FPKMs were plotted for tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum for SI and DPP4. Significant increases in transcripts were found in tHIO+S when compared to tHIO. (f) Corrected short circuit current of tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum was plotted. A decreasing trend is observed, but changes are not statistically significant.. (g) Corrected calculated FITC dextran flux for tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum was plotted. Flux was significantly decreased in tHIO+S compared to tHIO and trended toward the level of adult jejunum. (h) Corrected transepithelial resistance of tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum was plotted. Observations across groups were similar. For (e-h) sample sizes are the following: tHIO n=5, tHIO+S n=4, and adult jejunum n=2. All samples are biologically independent. Data are represented as the mean ± SD. An ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests were performed and the statistical significance cutoff was p < 0.05. (i) Normalized FPKMs were plotted for tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum for tight junction components Tight Junction Protein 1 (TJP1), Junctional Adhesion Molecule 1 (F11R) and Metadherin (MTDH). For F11R and MTDH, the expression level in tHIO+S was significantly increased above that in the tHIO, n=4 and adult jejunum n=3. All samples are biologically independent. (d) Scaled Centered Principal Component Analysis of samples retrieved from our study and several publicly available databases. Sample sizes are the following: fetal small intestine n=5, infant small intestine n=6, child small intestine n=1, adult small intestine n=9, HIO-H1 n=5, HIO-H9 n=3, tHIO n=6, and tHIO+S n=4