J. Hecht, The bandwidth bottleneck that is throttling the Internet, Nature, vol.536, issue.7615, p.139, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/536139a

E. Nygren, R. K. Sitaraman, and J. Sun, The Akamai network, ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, vol.44, issue.3, pp.2-19, 2010.
DOI : 10.1145/1842733.1842736

P. Norris, Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139164887

A. Balasubramanian, B. Levine, and A. Venkataramani, DTN routing as a resource allocation problem, ACM SIGCOMM, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1282380.1282422
URL : http://www.cs.umass.edu/~arun/papers/RAPID_extended.pdf

B. Baron, P. Spathis, H. Rivano, M. D. De-amorim, Y. Viniotis et al., Centrally Controlled Mass Data Offloading Using Vehicular Traffic, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol.14, issue.2, pp.401-415, 2017.
DOI : 10.1109/TNSM.2017.2672878
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01495055

Z. Zhang, Routing in intermittently connected mobile ad hoc networks and delay tolerant networks: overview and challenges, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol.8, issue.1, pp.24-37, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/COMST.2006.323440
URL : http://keskus.hut.fi/opetus/s383151/articles/04116780.pdf

P. R. Pereira, A. Casaca, J. J. Rodrigues, V. N. Soares, J. Triay et al., From Delay-Tolerant Networks to Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol.14, issue.4, pp.1166-1182, 2012.
DOI : 10.1109/SURV.2011.081611.00102
URL : http://netgna.it.ubi.pt/files/2012-IEEE_ST.pdf

T. Spyropoulos, R. N. Rais, T. Turletti, K. Obraczka, and A. Vasilakos, Routing for disruption tolerant networks: taxonomy and design, Wireless Networks, vol.7, issue.4, pp.2349-2370, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11276-010-0276-9
URL : https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11276-010-0276-9.pdf

A. Seth, D. Kroeker, M. Zaharia, S. Guo, and S. Keshav, Low-cost communication for rural internet kiosks using mechanical backhaul, Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking , MobiCom '06, 2006.
DOI : 10.1145/1161089.1161127
URL : http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~lili/classes/F07/reading/rural-kiosks.pdf

D. Patterson, A conversation with jim gray, ACM Queue, vol.1, issue.4, pp.53-56, 2003.

W. Zhao and M. H. Ammar, Message ferrying: Proactive routing in highly-partitioned wireless ad hoc networks, IEEE FTDCS, 2003.

J. Partan, J. Kurose, and B. N. Levine, A survey of practical issues in underwater networks, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol.11, issue.4, pp.23-33, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1347364.1347372
URL : http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1132&context=cs_faculty_pubs

W. Zhao, Y. Chen, M. Amma, M. Corner, B. Levine et al., Capacity Enhancement using Throwboxes in DTNs, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/MOBHOC.2006.278570
URL : http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1161&context=cs_faculty_pubs

W. Zhao, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura, A message ferrying approach for data delivery in sparse mobile ad hoc networks, Proceedings of the 5th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing , MobiHoc '04, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/989459.989483
URL : http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~kpsounis/EE650/Readlist07/Papers07/ferryingzegura.pdf

T. Small and Z. J. Haas, The shared wireless infostation model, Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing , MobiHoc '03, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/778415.778443

J. Burrell, T. Brooke, and R. Beckwith, Sensor and actuator networks - Vineyard computing: sensor networks in agricultural production, IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol.3, issue.1, pp.38-45, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/MPRV.2004.1269130
URL : http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/~jenna/burrell_pervasive_computing.pdf

A. S. Pentland, R. Fletcher, and A. Hasson, DakNet: rethinking connectivity in developing nations, Computer, vol.37, issue.1, pp.78-83, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/MC.2004.1260729

M. Grossglauser and D. Tse, Mobility increases the capacity of ad-hoc wireless networks, IEEE INFOCOM, 2001.

S. Jain, K. Fall, and R. Patra, Routing in a delay tolerant network, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/1030194.1015484
URL : http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~yzhang/Teaching/cs386m-f9/Readings/sig04-dtnrouting.pdf

R. C. Shah, S. Roy, S. Jain, and W. Brunette, Data MULEs: modeling and analysis of a three-tier architecture for sparse sensor networks, Ad Hoc Networks, vol.1, issue.2-3, pp.215-233, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1570-8705(03)00003-9
URL : http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcshah/pubs/DataMulesJournal2003.pdf

A. Vahdat and D. Becker, Epidemic routing for partially connected ad hoc networks, 2000.

B. Hull, V. Bychkovsky, Y. Zhang, K. Chen, M. Goraczko et al., CarTel, Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems , SenSys '06, 2006.
DOI : 10.1145/1182807.1182821

S. B. Eisenman, E. Miluzzo, N. D. Lane, R. A. Peterson, G. Ahn et al., BikeNet, ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, vol.6, issue.1, pp.1-39, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1653760.1653766

D. J. Goodman, J. Borras, N. B. Mandayam, and R. D. Yates, INFOSTATIONS: a new system model for data and messaging services, 1997 IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference. Technology in Motion, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/VETEC.1997.600473

I. Leontiadis and C. Mascolo, GeOpps: Geographical Opportunistic Routing for Vehicular Networks, 2007 IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/WOWMOM.2007.4351688
URL : http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/%7Eil235/papers/aoc07.pdf

V. N. Soares, J. J. Rodrigues, and F. Farahmand, GeoSpray: A geographic routing protocol for vehicular delay-tolerant networks, Information Fusion, vol.15, pp.102-113, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.inffus.2011.11.003

P. Mcdonald, D. Geraghty, I. Humphreys, S. Farrell, and V. Cahill, Sensor Network with Delay Tolerance (SeNDT), 2007 16th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCCN.2007.4318006

S. Lahde, M. Doering, W. Pöttner, G. Lammert, and L. Wolf, A practical analysis of communication characteristics for mobile and distributed pollution measurements on the road, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol.37, issue.10, pp.1209-1218, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/MC.2004.1260729

S. S. Chawathe, Inter-Vehicle Data Dissemination in Sparse Equipped Traffic, 2006 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/ITSC.2006.1706754
URL : http://www.cs.umaine.edu/~chaw/pubs/ddst.pdf

M. Ibrahim, P. Nain, and I. Carreras, Analysis of relay protocols for throwbox-equipped DTNs, 2009 7th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/WIOPT.2009.5291625

M. Demmer and K. Fall, DTLSR, Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Networked systems for developing regions , NSDR '07, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1326571.1326579

K. Chen and H. Shen, DTN-FLOW: Inter-Landmark Data Flow for High-Throughput Routing in DTNs, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol.23, issue.1, pp.212-226, 2015.
DOI : 10.1109/TNET.2013.2296751

M. Zarafshan-araki and K. Chin, TrainNet: A transport system for delivering non real-time data, Computer Communications, vol.33, issue.15, pp.1850-1863, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.comcom.2010.06.008

N. Banerjee, M. D. Corner, and B. N. Levine, An Energy-Efficient Architecture for DTN Throwboxes, IEEE INFOCOM 2007, 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/INFCOM.2007.96

A. Rabagliati, Wizzy digital courier?how it works, 2004.

D. Waitzman, A standard for the transmission of ip datagrams on avian carriers Internet Requests for Comments, RFC 1149, 1990.

J. Davis, A. H. Fagg, and B. N. Levine, Wearable computers as packet transport mechanisms in highly-partitioned ad-hoc networks, Proceedings Fifth International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ISWC.2001.962117
URL : http://signl.cs.umass.edu/pubs/iswc01_pednet.ps

P. Juang, H. Oki, Y. Wang, M. Martonosi, L. S. Peh et al., Energy-efficient computing for wildlife tracking, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol.37, issue.10, pp.96-107, 2002.
DOI : 10.1145/605432.605408

T. Spyropoulos, K. Psounis, and C. S. Raghavendra, Spray and wait, Proceeding of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking , WDTN '05, 2005.
DOI : 10.1145/1080139.1080143

B. Burns, O. Brock, and B. N. Levine, MV routing and capacity building in disruption tolerant networks, Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies., 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/INFCOM.2005.1497909
URL : http://prisms.cs.umass.edu/brian/pubs/bburns.infocom.2005.pdf

P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, and E. Yoneki, Bubble rap, Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing , MobiHoc '08, pp.1576-1589, 2011.
DOI : 10.1145/1374618.1374652

R. Y. Wang, S. Sobti, N. Garg, E. Ziskind, J. Lai et al., Turning the postal system into a generic digital communication mechanism, pp.159-166, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/1030194.1015485

B. Cho and I. Gupta, Budget-constrained bulk data transfer via internet and shipping networks, Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on Autonomic computing, ICAC '11, 2011.
DOI : 10.1145/1998582.1998595

W. Zhao, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura, Controlling the mobility of multiple data transport ferries in a delay-tolerant network, IEEE INFOCOM, 2005.

A. Mansy, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura, Deficit Round-Robin Based Message Ferry Routing, 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM 2011, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/GLOCOM.2011.6134155

Y. Tirta, Z. Li, Y. Lu, and S. Bagchi, Efficient collection of sensor data in remote fields using mobile collectors, Proceedings. 13th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04EX969), 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCCN.2004.1401721

A. Lindgren, A. Doria, and O. Schelén, Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol.7, issue.3, pp.19-20, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/961268.961272
URL : http://www.sm.luth.se/~dugdale/publications/sapir2004_lindgren.pdf

A. Balasubramanian, B. N. Levine, and A. Venkataramani, Replication Routing in DTNs: A Resource Allocation Approach, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol.18, issue.2, pp.596-609, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/TNET.2009.2036365
URL : http://www.cs.umass.edu/~arun/papers/RAPID-ToN.pdf

J. Burgess, B. Gallagher, D. Jensen, and B. N. Levine, MaxProp: Routing for Vehicle-Based Disruption-Tolerant Networks, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/INFOCOM.2006.228
URL : http://prisms.cs.umass.edu/brian/pubs/burgess.infocom2006.pdf

J. Zhou, S. Roy, J. Li, R. Hu, and Y. Qian, Minimizing the Average Delay of Messages in Pigeon Networks, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.61, issue.8, pp.3349-3361, 2013.
DOI : 10.1109/TCOMM.2013.061913.120409

O. Tekdas, V. Isler, J. H. Lim, and A. Terzis, Using mobile robots to harvest data from sensor fields, IEEE Wireless Communications, vol.16, issue.1, p.22, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/MWC.2009.4804365
URL : http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~isler/pub/wirelesscomm08.pdf

M. M. Tariq, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura, Message ferry route design for sparse ad hoc networks with mobile nodes, ACM MobiHoc, 2006.

K. C. Lee, M. Le, J. Harri, and M. Gerla, LOUVRE: Landmark Overlays for Urban Vehicular Routing Environments, 2008 IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/VETECF.2008.447
URL : http://netlab.cs.ucla.edu/wiki/files/LOUVREwivec.pdf

N. Sarafijanovic-djukic, M. Piorkowski, and M. Grossglauser, Island Hopping: Efficient Mobility-Assisted Forwarding in Partitioned Networks, 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/SAHCN.2006.288427
URL : https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/111513/files/ih_techrep.pdf

Q. Yuan, I. Cardei, and J. Wu, Predict and relay, Proceedings of the tenth ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing, MobiHoc '09, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1530748.1530762

N. Laoutaris, G. Smaragdakis, R. Stanojevic, P. Rodriguez, and R. Sundaram, Delay-Tolerant Bulk Data Transfers on the Internet, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol.21, issue.6, pp.1852-1865, 2013.
DOI : 10.1109/TNET.2012.2237555
URL : http://research.tid.es/nikos/images/sigmetrics09.pdf

B. Burns, O. Brock, and B. N. Levine, MORA routing and capacity building in disruption-tolerant networks, Ad Hoc Networks, vol.6, issue.4, pp.600-620, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.adhoc.2007.05.002
URL : http://prisms.cs.umass.edu/brian/pubs/bburns.adhoc_nets_jrnl.pdf

M. Asadpour, K. A. Hummel, D. Giustiniano, and S. Draskovic, Route or Carry: Motion-Driven Packet Forwarding in Micro Aerial Vehicle Networks, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol.16, issue.3, 2016.
DOI : 10.1109/TMC.2016.2561291

B. Tan, J. Jose, X. Wu, and L. Ying, A vehicular backbone network (VBN) with joint transportation-wireless capacity utilization, IEEE WiOpt, 2014.

A. Keränen and J. Ott, DTN over aerial carriers, Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop on Challenged networks, CHANTS '09, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1614222.1614234

A. Mansy, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura, Reliable roadside-to-roadside data transfer using vehicular traffic, 2007 IEEE Internatonal Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/MOBHOC.2007.4428736

S. A. Hoseini, A. Fotouhi, M. Hassan, C. T. Chou, and M. Ammar, A message ferrying approach to low-cost backhaul in cellular networks, Proceedings of the 9th ACM MobiCom workshop on Challenged networks, CHANTS '14, 2014.
DOI : 10.1145/2645672.2645677

Q. Li and D. Rus, Sending messages to mobile users in disconnected ad-hoc wireless networks, Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking , MobiCom '00, 2000.
DOI : 10.1145/345910.345918
URL : http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~keith/classes/ubicomplexity/pdfs/infra/li-sending-messages.pdf

G. N. Frederickson, M. S. Hecht, and C. E. Kim, Approximation algorithms for some routing problems, Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1976.
DOI : 10.1109/sfcs.1976.6

M. Dunbabin, P. Corke, I. Vasilescu, and D. Rus, Data muling over underwater wireless sensor networks using an autonomous underwater vehicle, Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006., 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/ROBOT.2006.1642013
URL : http://iuliu.com/pub/ICRA06%20Data%20Muling%20over%20UWSN%20using%20an%20Autonomous%20Underwater%20Vehicle.pdf

N. Banerjee, M. D. Corner, D. Towsley, and B. N. Levine, Relays, base stations, and meshes, Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking, MobiCom '08, 2008.
DOI : 10.1145/1409944.1409955

L. Fleischer and M. Skutella, Quickest Flows Over Time, SIAM Journal on Computing, vol.36, issue.6, pp.1600-1630, 2007.
DOI : 10.1137/S0097539703427215
URL : http://www.mpi-sb.mpg.de/~skutella/FleischerSkutella.pdf

M. W. Savelsbergh, Local search in routing problems with time windows, Annals of Operations Research, vol.1, issue.1, pp.285-305, 1985.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1965.tb04146.x
URL : https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/2449/2449D.pdf

M. Papadopouli and H. Schulzrinne, Seven degrees of separation in mobile ad hoc networks, Globecom '00, IEEE. Global Telecommunications Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37137), pp.1707-1711, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/GLOCOM.2000.891928

M. Musolesi, S. Hailes, and C. Mascolo, Adaptive Routing for Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, pp.183-189, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/WOWMOM.2005.17
URL : http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~cm542/papers/wowmom05.pdf

P. Costa, C. Mascolo, M. Musolesi, and G. P. Picco, Socially-aware routing for publish-subscribe in delay-tolerant mobile ad hoc networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.26, issue.5, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/JSAC.2008.080602
URL : http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~cm542/papers/jsac.pdf

B. K. Polat, P. Sachdeva, M. H. Ammar, and E. W. Zegura, Message ferries as generalized dominating sets in intermittently connected mobile networks, Pervasive and Mobile Computing, vol.7, issue.2, pp.189-205, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pmcj.2011.01.002

J. H. Kang, W. Welbourne, B. Stewart, and G. Borriello, Extracting places from traces of locations, ACM WMASH, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/1024733.1024748
URL : http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/jhkang/papers/kang05mc2r.pdf

B. Baron, P. Spathis, H. Rivano, and M. D. De-amorim, Offloading Massive Data Onto Passenger Vehicles: Topology Simplification and Traffic Assignment, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol.24, issue.6, pp.3248-3261, 2016.
DOI : 10.1109/TNET.2016.2518926
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01247713

N. Mckeown, T. Anderson, H. Balakrishnan, G. Parulkar, L. Peterson et al., OpenFlow, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol.38, issue.2, pp.69-74, 2008.
DOI : 10.1145/1355734.1355746

R. Jain, D. Chiu, and W. R. Hawe, A quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination for resource allocation in shared computer system, 1984.

D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Springer Mobile computing, pp.153-181, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-585-29603-6_5

K. Pearson, The Problem of the Random Walk, Nature, vol.72, issue.1867, p.342, 1905.
DOI : 10.1038/072342a0

M. Mcnett and G. M. Voelker, Access and mobility of wireless PDA users, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol.9, issue.2, pp.40-55, 2005.
DOI : 10.1145/1072989.1072995

A. Chaintreau, P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, C. Diot, R. Gass et al., Impact of Human Mobility on Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol.6, issue.6, pp.606-620, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TMC.2007.1060

A. Keränen, J. Ott, and T. Kärkkäinen, The ONE simulator for DTN protocol evaluation, Proceedings of the Second International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, 2009.
DOI : 10.4108/ICST.SIMUTOOLS2009.5674

S. Mccanne, S. Floyd, K. Fall, and K. Varadhan, Network simulator ns-2, 1997.

G. F. Riley and T. R. Henderson, The ns-3 Network Simulator, Springer Modeling and Tools for Network Simulation, pp.15-34, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-12331-3_2

D. Krajzewicz, J. Erdmann, M. Behrisch, and L. Bieker, Recent development and applications of SUMO -Simulation of Urban MObility, International Journal On Advances in Systems and Measurements, vol.5, issue.3&4, pp.128-138, 2012.

A. Varga, The omnet++ discrete event simulation system, European simulation multiconference (ESM), p.65, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/13.804564