R. E. Ley, P. J. Turnbaugh, S. Klein, G. , and J. I. , Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature, vol.308, issue.7122, pp.1022-1023, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/4441022a

P. J. Turnbaugh, R. E. Ley, M. A. Mahowald, V. Magrini, E. R. Mardis et al., An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest, Nature, vol.20, issue.7122, pp.1027-1031, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05414

T. Greiner and F. Bäckhed, Effects of the gut microbiota on obesity and glucose homeostasis, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.22, issue.4, pp.117-123, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tem.2011.01.002

P. J. Turnbaugh, M. Hamady, T. Yatsunenko, B. L. Cantarel, A. Duncan et al., A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins, Nature, vol.8, issue.7228, pp.480-484, 2009.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1997.42.3.0487

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2677729?pdf=render

P. B. Eckburg, E. M. Bik, C. N. Bernstein, E. Purdom, L. Dethlefsen et al., Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora, Science, vol.308, issue.5728, pp.1635-1638, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1110591

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1395357?pdf=render

F. Armougom, M. Henry, B. Vialettes, D. Raccah, R. et al., Monitoring Bacterial Community of Human Gut Microbiota Reveals an Increase in Lactobacillus in Obese Patients and Methanogens in Anorexic Patients, PLoS ONE, vol.105, issue.9, p.7125, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0007125.s001

K. Venema, Role of gut microbiota in the control of energy and carbohydrate metabolism, Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, vol.13, issue.4, pp.432-438, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833a8b60

A. M. Neyrinck and N. M. Delzenne, Potential interest of gut microbial changes induced by non-digestible carbohydrates of wheat in the management of obesity and related disorders, Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, vol.13, issue.6, pp.722-728, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833ec3fb

L. C. Trugo, A. Farah, and L. Cabral, Oligosaccharide distribution in Brazilian soya bean cultivars, Food Chemistry, vol.52, issue.4, pp.385-387, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0308-8146(95)93286-Z

R. Barrangou, M. A. Azcarate-peril, T. Duong, S. B. Conners, R. M. Kelly et al., Global analysis of carbohydrate utilization by Lactobacillus acidophilus using cDNA microarrays, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.187, issue.21, pp.3816-3821, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.187.21.7267-7282.2005

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/103/10/3816.full.pdf

N. Hugouvieux-cotte-pattat and S. Charaoui-boukerzaza, Catabolism of Raffinose, Sucrose, and Melibiose in Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.191, issue.22, pp.6960-6967, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00594-09

URL : http://jb.asm.org/content/191/22/6960.full.pdf

S. J. Reid and V. R. Abratt, Sucrose utilisation in bacteria: genetic organisation and regulation, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.267, issue.3, pp.312-321, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-003-1534-x

B. L. Cantarel, P. M. Coutinho, C. Rancurel, T. Bernard, V. Lombard et al., The Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for Glycogenomics, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.140, issue.3, pp.233-238, 2009.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.105.072652

URL : https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-pdf/37/suppl_1/D233/3229515/gkn663.pdf

D. J. Rigden, Iterative database searches demonstrate that glycoside hydrolase families 27, 31, 36 and 66 share a common evolutionary origin with family 13, FEBS Letters, vol.24, issue.1-3, pp.17-22, 2002.
DOI : 10.1107/S0021889891004399

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02879-X/pdf

B. Henrissat and A. Bairoch, Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases, Biochemical Journal, vol.316, issue.2, pp.695-696, 1996.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3160695

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310822

S. C. Garman, L. Hannick, A. Zhu, and D. N. Garboczi, The 1.9 ?? Structure of ??-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase, Structure, vol.10, issue.3, pp.425-434, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0969-2126(02)00726-8

S. C. Garman and D. N. Garboczi, The Molecular Defect Leading to Fabry Disease: Structure of Human ??-Galactosidase, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.337, issue.2, pp.319-335, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.035

F. Fredslund, A. Hachem, M. , J. Larsen, R. Gerd-sørensen et al., Crystal Structure of ??-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM: Insight into Tetramer Formation and Substrate Binding, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.412, issue.3, pp.466-480, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.057

URL : http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/crystal-structure-of-galactosidase-from-lactobacillus-acidophilus-ncfm-insight-into-tetramer-formation-and-substrate-binding(2779af92-ae0c-481e-afea-6176eb2380fc).html

H. Hashimoto, C. Katayama, M. Goto, T. Okinaga, and S. Kitahata, H-404, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, vol.59, issue.4, pp.619-623, 1995.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb.59.619

K. M. Van-laere, R. Hartemink, G. Beldman, S. Pitson, C. Dijkema et al., Transglycosidase activity of Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSM 20083 ??-galactosidase, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.52, issue.5, pp.681-688, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002530051579

P. Spangenberg, C. André, M. Dion, C. Rabiller, and R. Mattes, Comparative study of new ??-galactosidases in transglycosylation reactions, Carbohydrate Research, vol.329, issue.1, pp.65-73, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)00170-1

G. Tzortzis, A. J. Jay, M. L. Baillon, G. R. Gibson, and R. A. Rastall, Synthesis of ?-galactooligosaccharides with ?-galactosidase from Lactobacillus reuteri of canine origin, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.63, issue.3, pp.286-292, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-003-1426-0

H. Zhao, L. Lu, M. Xiao, Q. Wang, Y. Lu et al., 203 capable of synthesizing Gal-????-1,4 linkage, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.285, issue.2, pp.278-283, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01246.x

URL : https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article-pdf/285/2/278/19607813/285-2-278.pdf

T. Goulas, A. Goulas, G. Tzortzis, and G. R. Gibson, A novel ??-galactosidase from ??ifidobacterium bifidum with transgalactosylating properties: gene molecular cloning and heterologous expression, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.285, issue.3, pp.471-477, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2

H. Nakai, M. J. Baumann, B. O. Petersen, Y. Westphal, M. A. Hachem et al., Aspergillus???nidulans??-galactosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 36 catalyses the formation of ??-galacto-oligosaccharides by transglycosylation, FEBS Journal, vol.37, issue.17, pp.3538-3551, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkn750

G. Tzortzis, A. K. Goulas, M. L. Baillon, G. R. Gibson, and R. A. Rastall, In vitro evaluation of the fermentation properties of galactooligosaccharides synthesised by a-galactosidase from Lactobacillus reuteri, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.64, issue.1, pp.106-111, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-003-1427-z

R. A. Rastall, G. R. Gibson, H. S. Gill, F. Guarner, T. R. Klaenhammer et al., Modulation of the microbial ecology of the human colon by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enhance human health: An overview of enabling science and potential applications, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.299, issue.Suppl. 4, pp.145-152, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/22.3.564

J. Qin, R. Li, J. Raes, M. Arumugam, K. S. Burgdorf et al., A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing, Nature, vol.13, issue.7285, pp.59-65, 2010.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.229202. Article published online before March 2002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00908974

J. Doré, A. Sghir, G. Hannequart-gramet, G. Corthier, and P. Pochart, Design and Evaluation of a 16S rRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probe for Specific Detection and Quantitation of Human Faecal Bacteroides Populations, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.65-71, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0723-2020(98)80009-X

C. Tison, M. André-leroux, G. Lafond, M. Georis, J. Juge et al., Molecular determinants of substrate and inhibitor specificities of the Penicillium griseofulvum family 11 xylanases, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics, vol.1794, issue.3, pp.438-445, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.11.024

I. Matsui, K. Ishikawa, E. Matsui, S. Miyairi, S. Fukui et al., Subsite Structure of Saccharomycopsis ??-Amylase Secreted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, The Journal of Biochemistry, vol.109, issue.4, pp.566-569, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123420

P. R. Evans, Scaling and assessment of data quality, Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, vol.62, issue.1, pp.72-82, 2006.
DOI : 10.1107/S0907444905036693

V. B. Chen, W. B. Arendall, J. J. Headd, D. A. Keedy, R. M. Immormino et al., : all-atom structure validation for macromolecular crystallography, Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, vol.285, issue.1, pp.12-21, 2010.
DOI : 10.1107/S0907444909042073

E. Krissinel and K. Henrick, Inference of Macromolecular Assemblies from Crystalline State, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.372, issue.3, pp.774-797, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.022

W. L. Delano, The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, version 1.3r1, 2010.

L. A. Kelley and M. J. Sternberg, Protein structure prediction on the Web: a case study using the Phyre server, Nature Protocols, vol.5, issue.3, pp.363-371, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkm977

URL : http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v4/n3/pdf/nprot.2009.2.pdf

F. Forouhar, M. Abashidze, H. Xu, L. L. Grochowski, J. Seetharaman et al., Coenzyme, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.17, pp.11832-11840, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(97)77028-9

B. Domon and C. Costello, A systematic nomenclature for carbohydrate fragmentations in FAB-MS/MS spectra of glycoconjugates, Glycoconjugate Journal, vol.4, issue.4, pp.397-409, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01049915

C. Aslanidis, K. Schmid, and R. Schmitt, Nucleotide sequences and operon structure of plasmid-borne genes mediating uptake and utilization of raffinose in Escherichia coli., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.171, issue.12, pp.6753-6763, 1989.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.171.12.6753-6763.1989

A. L. Davidson, E. Dassa, C. Orelle, C. , and J. , Structure, Function, and Evolution of Bacterial ATP-Binding Cassette Systems, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.72, issue.2, pp.317-364, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.00031-07

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00319506

S. F. Altschul, T. L. Madden, A. A. Schäffer, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang et al., Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.25, issue.17, pp.3389-3402, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/25.17.3389

URL : https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-pdf/25/17/3389/3639509/25-17-3389.pdf

P. Ademark, M. Larsson, F. Tjerneld, and H. Stålbrand, Multiple ??-galactosidases from Aspergillus niger: purification, characterization and substrate specificities, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol.29, issue.6-7, pp.441-448, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00415-X

G. J. Davies, K. S. Wilson, and B. Henrissat, Nomenclature for sugar-binding subsites in glycosyl hydrolases, Biochemical Journal, vol.321, issue.2, pp.557-559, 1997.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3210557

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00309901

M. Kitaoka and K. Hayashi, Carbohydrate-Processing Phosphorolytic Enzymes., Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, vol.14, issue.75, pp.35-50, 2002.
DOI : 10.4052/tigg.14.35

URL : https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tigg1989/14/75/14_75_35/_pdf