N. Giambiasi, B. Escude, and S. Ghosh, G-DEVS A Generalized Discrete Event Specification for Accurate Modeling of Dynamic Systems, SCS Transactions, vol.17, issue.3, pp.120-134, 2008.

G. Zacharewicz, C. S. Frydman, N. Giambiasi, and . Hla, Environment for Distributed Simulations of Workflows. Simulation, vol.84, pp.197-213, 2008.

H. Bazoun, Y. Bouanan, G. Zacharewicz, Y. Ducq, and H. Boye, Business process simulation: transformation of BPMN 2.0 to DEVS models (WIP), Proceedings of the Symposium on Theory of Modeling & Simulation -DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium, p.20, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00990758

A. Okhmatovskaia, D. Buckeridge, A. Shaban-nejad, A. Sutclie, P. Fins et al., SIMPHO: an Ontology for Simulation Modeling of Population Health, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1-12, 2012.

G. A. Silver, O. Hassan, and J. A. Miller, From Domain Ontologies to Modeling Ontologies to Executable Simulation Models, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1108-1117, 2007.

F. Zeshan and R. Mohamad, Medical Ontology in the Dynamic Healthcare Environment, Procedia Computer Science, vol.10, pp.340-348, 2012.

C. A. Puri, K. Gomadam, P. Jain, P. Z. Yeh, and K. Verma, Multiple ontologies in healthcare information technology: Motivations and recommendation for ontology mapping and alignment, ICBO (International Conference on Biomedical Ontologies), pp.367-369, 2011.

C. Partridge, A. Mitchell, and S. De-cesare, Guidelines for Developing Ontological Architectures in Modelling and Simulation, Ontology, Epistemology, and Teleology for Modeling and Simulation, pp.27-57, 2013.

B. P. Zeigler, Multifacetted Modelling and Discrete Event Simulation, 1984.

B. P. Zeigler and H. S. Sarjoughian, Guide to Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems. 2 nd Edition, 2017.

B. P. Zeigler and P. E. Hammonds, Modeling and Simulation-based Data Engineering: Introducing Pragmatics into Ontologies for Netcentric Information Exchange, 2007.

S. C. Brailsford, Advances and challenges in healthcare simulation modeling: tutorial, IEEE: Proceedings of the 39th Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1436-1448, 2007.

M. M. Günal and M. Pidd, Discrete Event Simulation for Performance Modelling in Health Care: a Review of the Literature, Journal of Simulation, vol.4, issue.1, pp.42-51, 2010.

S. D. Roberts, Tutorial on the Simulation of Healthcare Systems, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1408-1419, 2011.

S. Brailsford, E. Silverman, S. Rossiter, J. Bijak, R. Shaw et al., Complex Systems Modeling for Supply and Demand in Health and Social care, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1125-1136, 2011.

S. Redding, E. Conrey, K. Porter, J. Paulson, K. Hughes et al., Pathways Community Care Coordination in Low Birth Weight Prevention, Maternal and Child Health Journal, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1-8, 2014.

B. P. Zeigler, E. L. Carter, S. A. Redding, and B. A. Leath, Pathways Community HUB: A Model for Coordination of Community Health Care, Population Health Management, vol.17, issue.4, pp.199-201, 2014.

Y. A. Ozcan, E. Tànfani, and A. Testi, A Simulation-Based Modeling Framework to Deal with Clinical Pathways, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1190-1201, 2011.

S. Verma and A. Gupta, Improving Services in Outdoor Patient Departments by Focusing on Process Parameters: A Simulation Approach, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.2250-2261, 2013.

N. Khurma, F. Salamati, and Z. J. Pasek, Simulation of Patient Discharge Process and its Improvement, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.2452-2462, 2013.

B. Sobolev, D. Harel, C. Vasilakis, and A. Levy, Using the Statecharts Paradigm for Simulation of Patient Flow in Surgical Care, Health Care Management Science, vol.11, issue.1, pp.79-86, 2008.

M. E. Kuhl, A Simulation Study of Patient Flow for Day of Surgery Admission, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1-7, 2012.

T. Bountourelis, M. Y. Ulukus, J. P. Kharoufeh, and S. G. Nabors, The Modeling, Analysis, and Management of Intensive Care Units, Handbook of Healthcare Operations Management -Methods and Applications, pp.153-182, 2011.

Y. N. Marmor, T. R. Rohleder, T. Huschka, D. Cook, J. Thompson et al., A Simulation Tool to Support Recovery Bed Planning for Surgical Patients, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1333-1339, 2011.

M. J. Cote, Patient Flow and Resource Utilization in an Outpatient Clinic, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, vol.33, issue.3, pp.231-245, 1999.

J. Viana, S. Rossiter, A. R. Channon, S. C. Brailsford, and A. J. Lotery, A Multi-Paradigm Whole System View of Health and Social Care for Age-Related Macular Degeneration, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1070-1081, 2012.

M. Findlay and H. Grant, An Application of Discrete-Event Simulation to an Outpatient Healthcare Clinic with Batch Arrivals, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1166-1177, 2011.

P. Kasaie, D. W. Dowdy, and W. D. Kelton, An Agent-Based Simulation of a Tuberculosis Epidemic: Understanding the Timing of Transmission, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference -Simulation: Making Decisions in a Complex World, pp.2227-2238, 2013.

C. Dibble, Effective Real-Time Allocation of Pandemic Interventions, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.2211-2220, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/wsc.2010.5678919
URL : http://www.informs-sim.org/wsc10papers/203.pdf

C. Bohk, R. Ewald, and A. Uhrmacher, Probabilistic Population Projection with James II, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.2008-2019, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/wsc.2009.5429715

M. Charfeddine and B. Montreuil, Integrated Agent-Oriented Modeling and Simulation of Population and Healthcare Delivery Network: Application to COPD Chronic Disease in a Canadian Region, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.2327-2339, 2010.

B. S. Onggo, Simulation Modeling in the Social Care Sector: A Literature Review, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.739-750, 2012.

A. Ramirez-nafarrate and J. O. Gutierrez-garcia, An Agent-Based Simulation Framework to analyze the Prevalence of Child Obesity, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.2330-2339, 2013.

A. Davis, S. Mehrotra, J. Friedewald, and D. Ladner, Characteristics of a Simulation Model of the National Kidney Transplantation System, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference -Simulation: Making Decisions in a Complex World, pp.2320-2329, 2013.

B. P. Zeigler, How Can Modeling and Simulation Help Engineering of System of Systems?, Computational Frameworks: Systems, Models and Applications, pp.1-41, 2017.

B. P. Zeigler, Theory of Modeling and Simulation, 1976.

P. R. Harper, A Framework for Operational Modelling of Hospital Resources, Health Care Management Science, vol.5, issue.3, pp.165-173, 2002.

V. Augusto and X. Xie, Modelling and Simulation Framework for Health Care Systems, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, vol.44, pp.30-46, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00937523

J. Zulkepli, T. Eldabi, and N. Mustafee, Hybrid Simulation for Modelling Large Systems: An example of Integrated Care Model, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.758-769, 2012.

A. Fletcher and D. Worthington, What is a Generic Hospital Model? A Comparison of Generic and Specific Hospital Models of Emergency Patient Flows. Health Care Management Science, vol.12, pp.374-391, 2009.

M. A. Ahmed and T. M. Alkhamis, Simulation Optimization for an Emergency Department Healthcare Unit in Kuwait, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.198, issue.3, pp.936-942, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejor.2008.10.025

K. R. Bisset, S. Eubank, and M. V. Marathe, High Performance Informatics for Pandemic Preparedness, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1-12, 2012.
DOI : 10.1109/wsc.2012.6465211
URL : http://www.informs-sim.org/wsc12papers/includes/files/inv136.pdf

C. M. Macal, M. Z. David, V. M. Dukic, D. S. Lauderdale, M. J. North et al., Modeling the Spread of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: a Dynamic Agent-Based Simulation, Journal of Translational Medicine, vol.12, p.124, 2014.

J. Ferranti, F. Filho, and P. , Dynamic Mortality Simulation Model Incorporating Risk Indicators for Cardiovascular Diseases, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1263-1274, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/wsc.2011.6147847
URL : http://www.informs-sim.org/wsc11papers/113.pdf

P. M. Allen, Evolution, Population Dynamics, and Stability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences-USA, vol.73, pp.665-68, 1976.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.73.3.665
URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/73/3/665.full.pdf

P. H. Leslie, On the Use of Matrices in Certain Population Mathematics, Biometrika, vol.33, issue.3, pp.183-212, 1945.

E. Sheppard, Urban System Population Dynamics: Incorporating Nonlinearities, Geographical Analysis Columbus, vol.17, issue.1, pp.47-73, 1985.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1985.tb00826.x
URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1985.tb00826.x

P. K. Sikdar and P. K. Karmeshu, On Population Growth of Cities in a Region: A Stochastic Nonlinear Model, Environment and Planning, vol.14, pp.585-90, 1982.

M. D. Seck and H. J. Honig, Multi-perspective Modelling of Complex Phenomena, Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, vol.18, pp.128-144, 2012.

A. Muzy and B. P. Zeigler, Specification of Dynamic Structure Discrete Event Systems Using Single Point Encapsulated Functions, International Journal of Modeling, Simulation and Scientific Computing, vol.5, issue.3, p.1450012, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01315167

J. Barjis, Healthcare simulation and its potential areas and future trends, SCS M&S Magazine, vol.2, issue.5, pp.1-6, 2011.

D. Hollingsworth, The Workflow Reference Model, 1995.

, Workflow Management Coalition, 1999.

W. Van-der-aalst and K. M. Van-hee, Workflow Management: Models, Methods, and Systems, 2002.

, About the Business Process Model and Notation Specification Version 2.0, Accessed, vol.23, 2018.

D. Cetinkaya, A. Verbraeck, and M. D. Seck, Model transformation from BPMN to DEVS in the MDD4MS framework, Society for Computer Simulation International: Proceedings of the Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation -DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium, p.28, 2012.

S. Mittal, J. Risco-martin, and B. P. Zeigler, DEVS-Based Simulation Web Services for NetCentric T&E. In: Society for Computer Simulation International: Proceedings of the Summer Computer Simulation Conference, pp.357-366, 2007.

F. Jouault, F. Allilaire, J. Bézivin, and I. Kurtev, ATL: A Model Transformation Tool, Science of Computer Programming, vol.72, issue.1-2, pp.31-39, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00483363

S. Brailsford and B. Schmidt, Towards Incorporating Human Behaviour in Models of Healthcare Systems: An Approach Using Discrete Event Simulation, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.150, issue.1, pp.19-31, 2003.

S. J. Weng, B. S. Tsai, L. M. Wang, C. Y. Chang, and D. Gotcher, Using simulation and data envelopment analysis in optimal healthcare efficiency allocations, IEEE: Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, pp.1295-1305, 2011.

R. F. Jeffers, A Model of Population Movement, Disease Epidemic, and Communication for Health Security Investment. United States. National Nuclear Security Administration, pp.2014-2247, 2014.

B. P. Zeigler, E. Carter, C. Seo, C. K. Russell, and B. A. Leath, Methodology and modeling environment for simulating national health care, Proceedings of the Autumn Simulation Multi-Conference, pp.30-46, 2012.

R. Duboz, E. Ramat, and P. Preux, Scale Transfer Modeling: Using Emergent Computation for Coupling Ordinary Differential Equation System with a Reactive Agent Model. Systems Analysis Modelling Simulation, vol.43, pp.793-814, 2003.

J. F. Santucci, L. Capocchi, and B. P. Zeigler, System Entity Structure Extension to Integrate Abstraction Hierarchies and Time Granularity into DEVS Modeling and Simulation, Simulation, vol.92, issue.8, 2016.

K. Mamadou and . Traoré, Corresponding Author) is Professor at the African University of Science and Technology (Nigeria) and Associate Professor at Université Clermont Auvergne. His address is LIMOS CNRS UMR 6158, 1 rue de la Chebarde, p.63170

F. Aubière, His email is traore@isima.fr and his phone number is +33

, His email is gregory.zacharewicz@u-bordeaux

, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge", IPC, Cambodia, and affiliated researcher of CIRAD (Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Development

P. Bernard, Zeigler is Chief Scientist at RTSync Corp., Professor Emeritus of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson and Co-Director of the Arizona Center for Integrative Modeling and Simulation