U. K. and B. Potrata, Martin Richards (Professor Emeritus Evelyn Fox-Keller (Professor Emerita of History and Philosophy of Science, Dirk Jan Boerwinkel (Freudenthal Institute of Science and Mathematics Education Ragnhild Bang Nes (Dept. Childhood, Development & Mental Health Torbjørn Moum (Professor Emeritus

D. Moore, Current Thinking About Nature and Nurture The Philosophy of Biology. History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, pp.629-52, 2013.

K. Kendler and . Gene-for, ???A Gene for??????: The Nature of Gene Action in Psychiatric Disorders, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.162, issue.7, pp.1243-52, 2005.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1243

M. Joyner and B. Pedersen, Ten questions about systems biology, The Journal of Physiology, vol.9, issue.1, pp.1017-1047, 2011.
DOI : 10.1177/153303461000900201

D. Noble, The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome, 2006.

E. Hatchwell and J. Greally, The potential role of epigenomic dysregulation in complex human disease Trends in genetics: TIG, Epub, vol.23, issue.11, pp.588-95, 2007.

C. Tyler-smith, H. Yang, L. Landweber, I. Dunham, B. Knoppers et al., Where Next for Genetics and Genomics?, PLOS Biology, vol.330, issue.6004, p.26225775, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002216.g001

T. Mcelhinny, M. Dougherty, B. Bowling, and J. Libarkin, The Status of Genetics Curriculum in Higher Education in the United States: Goals and Assessment, Science & Education, vol.25, issue.1, pp.445-64, 2014.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175306

C. Mcbride, D. Bowen, L. Brody, C. Condit, R. Croyle et al., Future Health Applications of Genomics, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.38, issue.5, pp.556-65, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.01.027

B. Hurle, T. Citrin, J. Jenkins, K. Kaphingst, N. Lamb et al., What does it mean to be genomically literate?: National Human Genome Research Institute Meeting Report, Genetics in Medicine, vol.334, issue.8, pp.658-63, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181e15bd5

R. Wyer, D. Albarracín, D. Albarracín, B. Johnson, and M. Zanna, Belief formation, organisation, and change: Cognitive and motivational influences, The handbook of attitudes, pp.273-322, 2005.

R. Prislin, W. W. Albarracín, D. Johnson, B. Zanna, and M. , Social influence in attitudes and attitude change The handbook of attitudes, pp.671-706, 2005.

N. Allum, P. Sturgis, D. Tabourazi, and I. Brunton-smith, Science knowledge and attitudes across cultures: a meta-analysis, Public Understanding of Science, vol.17, issue.62, pp.35-54, 2008.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412984980
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571109

P. Sturgis, I. Brunton-smith, and C. Fife-schaw, Public attitudes to genomic science: an experiment in information provision, Public Understanding of Science, vol.19, issue.2, pp.166-80, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/266890

C. Condit, What is 'public opinion' about genetics?, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.5, issue.10, pp.811-816, 2001.
DOI : 10.1080/10810730050019546

D. Nelkin and S. Lindee, The DNA mystique: The gene as a cultural icon Oxford: Freeman, 19951995.
DOI : 10.3998/mpub.6769

J. Castéra and P. Clément, Teachers??? Conceptions About the Genetic Determinism of Human Behaviour: A Survey in 23 Countries, Science & Education, vol.293, issue.1, pp.417-460, 2014.
DOI : 10.1126/science.293.5532.1103

N. Gericke, M. Hagberg, V. Santos, L. Joaquim, and C. El-hani, Conceptual Variation or Incoherence? Textbook Discourse on Genes in Six Countries, Science & Education, vol.27, issue.4, pp.381-416, 2014.
DOI : 10.1080/14636770802485434

V. Santos, L. Joaquim, and C. El-hani, Hybrid Deterministic Views About Genes in Biology Textbooks: A Key Problem in Genetics Teaching, Science & Education, vol.12, issue.3, pp.543-78, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00219266.2000.9655732

J. Castera, P. Clement, M. Abrougui, O. Nisiforou, N. Valanides et al., Genetic determinism in school textbooks: a comparative study conducted among sixteen countries, Science Education International, vol.19, issue.2, p.22, 2008.

M. Shaw, K. Van-horne, K. Zhang, H. Boughman, and J. , Essay Contest Reveals Misconceptions of High School Students in Genetics Content, Genetics, vol.178, issue.3, pp.1157-68, 2008.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.107.084194

A. Lanie, T. Jayaratne, J. Sheldon, S. Kardia, E. Anderson et al., Exploring the Public Understanding of Basic Genetic Concepts, Journal of Genetic Counseling, vol.13, issue.4, pp.305-325, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:JOGC.0000035524.66944.6d

J. Lewis and U. Kattmann, Traits, genes, particles and information: re???visiting students??? understandings of genetics, International Journal of Science Education, vol.26, issue.2, pp.195-206, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/00219266.2000.9655732

P. Sankar, . Genetic, and . Privacy, Genetic Privacy, Annual Review of Medicine, vol.54, issue.1, pp.393-407, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152131

J. Barnett, H. Cooper, and V. Senior, Belief in Public Efficacy, Trust, and Attitudes Toward Modern Genetic Science, Risk Analysis, vol.9, issue.1, pp.921-954, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/09505430120093586

C. Condit, Public Attitudes and Beliefs About Genetics, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, vol.11, issue.1, pp.339-59, 2010.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141740

N. Gericke and M. Smith, Twenty-First-Century Genetics and Genomics: Contributions of HPS-Informed Research and Pedagogy, International Handbook of Research in History, Philosophy and Science Teaching, pp.423-67, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-007-7654-8_15

R. Knight, Reports of the death of the gene are greatly exaggerated, Biology & Philosophy, vol.61, issue.6799, pp.293-306, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.shpsa.2004.03.018

G. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection, 1966.

L. Meyer, G. Bomfim, and C. El-hani, How to Understand the Gene in the Twenty-First Century? Science & Education, pp.345-74, 2013.

L. Moss, What Genes Can't Do, 2003.

P. Griffiths and R. Knight, What Is the Developmentalist Challenge? Philosophy of Science, pp.253-261, 1998.

R. Hubbard and W. E. , Exploding the Gene Myth, 19931993.

I. Dar-nimrod and S. Heine, Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA., Psychological Bulletin, vol.137, issue.5, pp.800-818, 2011.
DOI : 10.1037/a0021860

J. Keller, In Genes We Trust: The Biological Component of Psychological Essentialism and Its Relationship to Mechanisms of Motivated Social Cognition., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.88, issue.4, pp.686-702, 2005.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.686

M. Dambrun, R. Kamiejski, N. Haddadi, and S. Duarte, Why does social dominance orientation decrease with university exposure to the social sciences? The impact of institutional socialization and the mediating role of ???geneticism???, European Journal of Social Psychology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.88-100, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01246.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01058626

R. Parrott, K. Silk, M. Dillow, J. Krieger, T. Harris et al., Development and validation of tools to assess genetic discrimination and genetically based racism, Journal of the National Medical Association, vol.97, issue.7, pp.980-90, 2005.

E. Keller, The Century of The Gene. 1 ed, 2000.

P. Buerton and H. Rheinberger, The Concept of the Gene in Development and Evolution: Historical and Epistemological Perspectives, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511527296

C. El-hani, Between the cross and the sword: the crisis of the gene concept, Genetics and Molecular Biology, vol.66, issue.2, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/392677

M. Smith and L. Adkison, Updating the Model Definition of the Gene in the Modern Genomic Era with Implications for Instruction, Science & Education, vol.24, issue.1, pp.1-20, 2010.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511527296.012

T. Ideker, T. Galitski, L. A. Hood, . New, . To et al., : Systems Biology, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, vol.2, issue.1, pp.343-72, 2001.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.343

T. Reydon, K. Kampourakis, and G. Patrinos, Genetics, genomics and society: the responsibilities of scientists for science communication and education, Personalized Medicine, vol.22, issue.6, pp.633-676, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181b22c3a

M. Dougherty, . Closing, and . Gap, Closing the Gap: Inverting the Genetics Curriculum to Ensure an Informed Public, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.85, issue.1, pp.6-12, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.010

P. Conrad, Genetic optimism: framing genes and mental illness in the news, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, vol.25, issue.2, pp.225-272, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1010690427114

B. Bates, Public culture and public understanding of genetics: a focus group study, Public Understanding of Science, vol.287, issue.1, pp.47-65, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0963-6625/8/3/307
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571055

B. Bowling, C. Huether, L. Wang, M. Myers, G. Markle et al., Genetic Literacy of Undergraduate Non???Science Majors and the Impact of Introductory Biology and Genetics Courses, BioScience, vol.27, issue.7, pp.654-60, 2008.
DOI : 10.1152/advan.00003.2002

C. Molster, T. Charles, A. Samanek, O. Leary, and P. , Australian Study on Public Knowledge of Human Genetics and Health, Public Health Genomics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.84-91, 2009.
DOI : 10.1159/000164684

C. Condit, M. Gronnvoll, J. Landau, L. Shen, L. Wright et al., Believing in both genetic determinism and behavioral action: a materialist framework and implications, Public Understanding of Science, vol.29, issue.6, pp.730-776, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00846146

C. Condit, Public understandings of genetics and health, Clinical Genetics, vol.6, issue.11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/01.AOG.0000292086.98514.8b

R. Parrott, K. Silk, J. Weiner, C. Condit, T. Harris et al., Deriving Lay Models of Uncertainty About Genes' Role in Illness Causation to Guide Communication About Human Genetics, Journal of Communication, vol.1, issue.1, pp.105-127, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/108107396127988

R. Redfield, ???Why Do We Have to Learn This Stuff???????A New Genetics for 21st Century Students, PLoS Biology, vol.9, issue.7, p.22802724, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nmeth.1974

T. Aivelo and A. , Genetic determinism in the Finnish upper secondary school biology textbooks, Nordic Studies in Science Education, vol.11, issue.2, pp.139-52, 2015.
DOI : 10.5617/nordina.2042

N. Gericke, M. Hagberg, and D. Jorde, Upper Secondary Students??? Understanding of the Use of Multiple Models in Biology Textbooks???The Importance of Conceptual Variation and Incommensurability, Research in Science Education, vol.28, issue.11, pp.755-80, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/tea.3660280106

N. Gericke and S. Wahlberg, Clusters of concepts in molecular genetics: a study of Swedish upper secondary science students understanding, Journal of Biological Education, vol.47, issue.2, pp.73-83, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/sce.20061

R. Duncan and B. Reiser, Reasoning across ontologically distinct levels: Students' understandings of molecular genetics, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol.23, issue.7, pp.938-59, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/00219266.2000.9655718

N. Shea, R. Duncan, and C. Stephenson, A Tri-part Model for Genetics Literacy: Exploring Undergraduate Student Reasoning About Authentic Genetics Dilemmas, Research in Science Education, vol.16, issue.1, pp.485-507, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/tea.10008

R. Fazio, Multiple Processes by which Attitudes Guide Behavior: The Mode Model as an Integrative Framework, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol.23, pp.75-109, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4

N. Roczen, F. Kaiser, F. Bogner, and M. Wilson, A Competence Model for Environmental Education, Environment and Behavior, vol.10, issue.2, pp.972-92, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/01466210122032163

M. Conner, R. Mceachan, N. Taylor, O. Hara, J. Lawton et al., Role of affective attitudes and anticipated affective reactions in predicting health behaviors., Health Psychology, vol.34, issue.6, pp.642-52, 2015.
DOI : 10.1037/hea0000143

L. Henneman, D. Timmermans, and G. Wal, Public Attitudes Toward Genetic Testing: Perceived Benefits and Objections, Genetic Testing, vol.10, issue.2, pp.139-184, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/gte.2006.10.139

A. Rose, N. Peters, J. Shea, and K. Armstrong, The Association Between Knowledge and Attitudes About Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk in the United States, Journal of Health Communication, vol.11, issue.4, pp.309-330, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00125817-200201000-00006

M. Smith, W. Wood, and J. Knight, The Genetics Concept Assessment: A New Concept Inventory for Gauging Student Understanding of Genetics, Cell Biology Education, vol.7, issue.4, pp.422-452, 2008.
DOI : 10.1187/cbe.08-08-0045

B. Bowling, E. Acra, L. Wang, M. Myers, G. Dean et al., Development and Evaluation of a Genetics Literacy Assessment Instrument for Undergraduates, Genetics, vol.178, issue.1, pp.15-22, 2008.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.107.079533

G. Gaskell, N. Allum, M. Bauer, J. Durant, A. Allansdottir et al., Biotechnology and the European public, Nature Biotechnology, vol.85, issue.9, pp.935-943, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/227131

G. Gaskell, M. Bauer, N. Allum, N. Lindsey, J. Durant et al., United Kingdon: spilling the beans on genes: the years of controversy, Biotechnology Science Museum, pp.292-306, 1996.

J. Shaw and K. Bassi, Lay Attitudes toward Genetic Testing for Susceptibility to Inherited Diseases, Journal of Health Psychology, vol.28, issue.4, pp.405-428, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00029-1

I. Jones, J. Scourfield, F. Mccandless, and N. Craddock, Attitudes towards future testing for bipolar disorder susceptibility genes: a preliminary investigation, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.71, issue.1-3, pp.189-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00384-0

M. Laegsgaard and O. Mors, Psychiatric genetic testing: Attitudes and intentions among future users and providers, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol.3, issue.3, pp.375-84, 2008.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.155.7.899

M. Dougherty, C. Pleasants, L. Solow, A. Wong, and H. Zhang, A Comprehensive Analysis of High School Genetics Standards: Are States Keeping Pace with Modern Genetics? CBE-Life Sciences Education, pp.318-345, 2011.

A. Bird, Perceptions of epigenetics, Nature, vol.93, issue.7143, pp.396-404, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.6.8.2944

S. Sarkar, . Genomics, and B. Proteomics, A companion to the philosophy of biology, pp.58-74, 2011.

A. Hott, C. Huether, J. Mcinerney, C. Christianson, R. Fowler et al., Genetics Content in Introductory Biology Courses for Non-Science Majors: Theory and Practice, BioScience, vol.43, issue.11, pp.1024-1059, 2002.
DOI : 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[1024:GCIIBC]2.0.CO;2

M. Smith, It's Not Your Grandmother's Genetics Anymore! The American Biology Teacher, pp.224-233, 2014.

H. Deng, Y. Lui, and H. Hu, Current topics in human genetics: studies in complex diseases, 2007.
DOI : 10.1142/6351

L. Shen, C. Condit, and L. Wright, The psychometric property and validation of a fatalism scale, Psychology & Health, vol.48, issue.5, pp.597-613, 2009.
DOI : 10.1037/1099-9809.12.1.134

C. Campbell and R. Nehm, A Critical Analysis of Assessment Quality in Genomics and Bioinformatics Education Research, Cell Biology Education, vol.12, issue.3, pp.530-571, 2013.
DOI : 10.1187/cbe.12-06-0073

J. Nunnally, Psychometric theory, 1978.

. Ibge and . Biogas, Censo 2010 ?Resultados

M. Watanabe and K. Yamaguchi, The EM Algorithm and Related Statistical Models, 2003.
DOI : 10.1201/9780203913055

J. Lewis, From Flavr Savr Tomatoes to Stem Cell Therapy: Young People???s Understandings of Gene Technology, 15??Years on, Science & Education, vol.35, issue.1, pp.361-79, 2014.
DOI : 10.1080/00219266.2000.9655732

M. Xavier, F. Ads, and M. Moraes, A nova (moderna) biologia e a gen??tica nos livros did??ticos de biologia no ensino m??dio, Ci??ncia & Educa????o (Bauru), vol.9, issue.1, pp.275-89, 2006.
DOI : 10.1590/S1516-73132003000100008

C. El-hani, A. M. Bomfim, G. C. Joaquim, L. M. Magalhães, J. C. Meyer et al., The Contribution of History and Philosophy to the Problem of Hybrid Views About Genes in Genetics Teaching, International Handbook of Research in History, Philosophy and Science Teaching. 3. Dordrecht, pp.469-520, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-007-7654-8_16

M. Hamburg and F. Collins, The Path to Personalized Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.363, issue.4, pp.301-305, 2010.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMp1006304