C. Field, M. Behrenfeld, J. Randerson, and P. Falkowski, Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components, Science, vol.281, issue.5374, pp.237-277, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.281.5374.237

D. Nelson, P. Tréguer, M. Brzezinski, A. Leynaert, and B. Quéguiner, Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean: Revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.33, issue.3, pp.359-72, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-0149(86)90041-5

P. Falkowski, The Ocean's Invisible Forest, Scientific American, vol.287, issue.2, pp.54-61, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0802-54

V. Smetacek, Diatoms and the silicate factor, Nature, vol.383, issue.6664, pp.224-249, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/383495a0

F. Morel and N. Price, The Biogeochemical Cycles of Trace Metals in the Oceans, Science, vol.300, issue.5621, pp.944-991, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1083545

S. Malviya, E. Scalco, S. Audic, F. Vincent, A. Veluchamy et al., Insights into global diatom distribution and diversity in the world???s ocean, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.7, issue.4, pp.1516-1541, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0

R. Foster, M. Kuypers, T. Vagner, R. Paerl, N. Musat et al., Nitrogen fixation and transfer in open ocean diatom???cyanobacterial symbioses, The ISME Journal, vol.64, issue.9, pp.1484-93, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-842X(99)01670-4

Y. Tomaru, Y. Takao, H. Suzuki, T. Nagumo, and K. Nagasaki, Isolation and Characterization of a Single-Stranded RNA Virus Infecting the Bloom-Forming Diatom Chaetoceros socialis, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.75, issue.8, pp.2375-81, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.02580-08

M. Holzmann, C. Berney, and J. Hohenegger, Molecular identification of diatom endosymbionts in nummulitid Foraminifera, Symbiosis, vol.42, pp.93-101, 2006.

E. Schnepf and M. Elbrächter, Dinophyte chloroplasts and phylogeny - A review, Grana, vol.12, issue.2-3, pp.81-97, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.227.4683.192

Y. Takano, G. Hansen, D. Fujita, and T. Horiguchi, Serial Replacement of Diatom Endosymbionts in Two Freshwater Dinoflagellates, Peridiniopsis spp. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae), Phycologia, vol.9, issue.1, pp.41-53, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00085.x

I. Kaczmarska, J. Ehrman, S. Bates, D. Green, C. Léger et al., Diversity and distribution of epibiotic bacteria on Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyceae) in culture, and comparison with those on diatoms in native seawater, Harmful Algae, vol.4, issue.4, pp.725-766, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2004.10.001

L. Fernandes and M. Calixto-fere, Morphology and distribution of two epizoic diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Brazil, Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol.49, issue.4, pp.836-877, 2012.
DOI : 10.2216/i0031-8884-25-1-19.1

I. Gárate-lizárraga and M. Muñetón-gómez, Primer registro de la diatomea epibionte Pseudohimantidium pacificum y de otras asociaciones simbi??ticas en el Golfo de California, Acta Botanica Mexicana, vol.88, issue.88, pp.31-45, 2009.
DOI : 10.21829/abm88.2009.311

M. Ruggiero, D. Sarno, L. Barra, W. Kooistra, M. Montresor et al., Diversity and temporal pattern of Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) through the molecular lens, Harmful Algae, vol.42, pp.15-24, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2014.12.001

A. Sazhin, F. Artigas, L. Nejstgaard, J. Frischer, and M. , The colonization of two Phaeocystis species (Prymnesiophyceae) by pennate diatoms and other protists: a significant contribution to colony biomass, Biogeochemistry, vol.57, issue.3???4, p.137, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/0269249X.2002.9705536

F. Gómez, D. Moreira, K. Benzerara, and P. López-garcía, is the first characterized member of the abundant and cosmopolitan uncultured marine stramenopile group MAST-3, Environmental Microbiology, vol.161, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/j.protis.2009.10.004

S. Nagasawa and A. Warren, Redescription of Vorticella oceanica Zacharias, 1906 (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) with notes on its host, the marine planktonic diatom Chaetoceros coarctatum Lauder,1864, Hydrobiologia, vol.18, issue.168, pp.27-36, 1906.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00028504

S. Agatha, M. Laval-peuto, P. Simon, J. Dolan, D. Montagnes et al., The Tintinnid Lorica The Biology and Ecology of Tintinnid Ciliates: Models for Marine Plankton, pp.17-41, 2013.

C. Bachy, J. Dolan, P. López-garcía, P. Deschamps, and D. Moreira, Accuracy of protist diversity assessments: morphology compared with cloning and direct pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA genes and ITS regions using the conspicuous tintinnid ciliates as a case study, The ISME Journal, vol.23, issue.2, pp.244-55, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05362.x

G. Mcmanus, L. Santoferrara, J. Dolan, D. Montagnes, S. Agatha et al., Tintinnids in microzoolankton communities The Biology and Ecology of Tintinnid Ciliates: Models for Marine Plankton, pp.198-213, 2012.

J. Pavillard, Observations sur les Diatomées (2e série) Bull De la Société Bot De Fr, pp.126-159, 1916.

F. Gómez, On the consortium of the tintinnid Eutintinnus and the diatom Chaetoceros in the Pacific Ocean, Marine Biology, vol.19, issue.S, pp.1899-906, 2007.
DOI : 10.15281/jplantres1887.40.517

J. Pavillard, Péridiniens et diatomées pélagiques recueillis par Alain Gerbault entre les Iles Marquises et les Iles Galapagos, Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, vol.669, pp.1-8, 1935.

P. Froneman, E. Pakhomov, and V. Meaton, Observations on the association between the diatom, Fragilariopsis doliolus Wallich, and the tintinnid, Salpingella subconica Kofoid, S Afr J Sci, vol.94, pp.202-202, 1998.

J. Decelle, C. S. Foster, and R. , Photosymbioses in marine planktonic protists, 2015.

M. Gowing and D. Garrison, Abundance and feeding ecology of larger protozooplankton in the ice edge zone of the Weddell and Scotia Seas during the austral winter, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.39, issue.5, pp.893-919, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90128-G

A. Wasik, E. Mikolajczyk, and R. Ligowski, Agglutinated loricae of some Baltic and Antarctic Tintinnina species (Ciliophora), Journal of Plankton Research, vol.18, issue.10, pp.1931-940, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/plankt/18.10.1931

E. Karsenti, S. Acinas, P. Bork, C. Bowler, D. Vargas et al., A Holistic Approach to Marine Eco-Systems Biology, PLoS Biology, vol.6, issue.10, p.1001177, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001177.g002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00691580

P. Bork, C. Bowler, C. De-vargas, G. Gorsky, E. Karsenti et al., Tara Oceans studies plankton at planetary scale, Science, vol.15, issue.10, pp.873-873, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001177
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01258211

J. Zimmermann, R. Jahn, and B. Gemeinholzer, Barcoding diatoms: evaluation of the V4 subregion on the 18S rRNA gene, including new primers and protocols, Organisms Diversity & Evolution, vol.31, issue.7, pp.173-92, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkg595

C. Bachy, F. Gómez, P. López-garcía, J. Dolan, and D. Moreira, Molecular Phylogeny of Tintinnid Ciliates (Tintinnida, Ciliophora), Protist, vol.163, issue.6, pp.873-87, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.protis.2012.01.001

L. Santoferrara, G. Mcmanus, and V. Alder, Utility of Genetic Markers and Morphology for Species Discrimination within the Order Tintinnida (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea), Protist, vol.164, issue.1, pp.24-36, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.002

S. Pesant, F. Not, M. Picheral, S. Kandels-lewis, L. Bescot et al., Open science resources for the discovery and analysis of Tara Oceans data. Sci data, p.150023, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253984

S. Colin, L. Coelho, S. Sunagawa, C. Bowler, . Karsenti et al., Author response, eLife, vol.29, p.26066, 2017.
DOI : 10.7554/eLife.26066.043

J. Schindelin, I. Arganda-carreras, E. Frise, V. Kaynig, M. Longair et al., Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis, Nature Methods, vol.27, issue.7, pp.676-82, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr390
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3855844?pdf=render

J. Dolan, A. Gimenez, and V. Cornet-barthaux, Community Structure of Tintinnid Ciliates of the Microzooplankton in the South West Pacific Ocean: Comparison of a High Primary Productivity with a Typical Oligotrophic Site, Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, vol.78, issue.34, pp.813-835, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2008.05.002

C. De-vargas, S. Audic, N. Henry, J. Decelle, F. Mahe et al., Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean, Science, vol.48, issue.1, p.1261605, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01150.x

D. Richter, R. Watteaux, T. Vannier, J. Leconte, G. Reygondeau et al., Global plankton biogeography is shaped via ocean circulation dynamics

S. Mcdonald, D. Sarno, and A. Zingone, Identifying Pseudo-nitzschia species in natural samples using genus-specific PCR primers and clone libraries, Harmful Algae, vol.6, issue.6, pp.849-60, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2007.03.003

E. Theriot, M. Ashworth, E. Ruck, T. Nakov, and R. Jansen, A preliminary multigene phylogeny of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta): challenges for future research, Plant Ecology and Evolution, vol.143, issue.3, pp.278-96, 2010.
DOI : 10.5091/plecevo.2010.418

K. Katoh and D. Standley, MAFFT: Iterative Refinement and Additional Methods, Methods Mol Biol Mult Seq Alignment Methods, vol.1079, pp.131-177, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-62703-646-7_8

G. Talavera and J. Castresana, Improvement of Phylogenies after Removing Divergent and Ambiguously Aligned Blocks from Protein Sequence Alignments, Systematic Biology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.564-77, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2105-4-6

D. Darriba, G. Taboada, R. Doallo, and D. Posada, jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing, Nature Methods, vol.9, issue.8, p.772, 2012.
DOI : 10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4594756?pdf=render

S. Guindon, J. Dufayard, V. Lefort, M. Anisimova, W. Hordijk et al., New Algorithms and Methods to Estimate Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies: Assessing the Performance of PhyML 3.0, Systematic Biology, vol.174, issue.3, pp.307-328, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.4.383
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00511784

J. Huelsenbeck, F. Ronquist, R. Nielsen, and J. Bollback, Bayesian Inference of Phylogeny and Its Impact on Evolutionary Biology, Science, vol.294, issue.5550, pp.2310-314, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1065889

M. Clement, D. Posada, and K. Crandall, TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies, Molecular Ecology, vol.11, issue.10, pp.1657-60, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-5809(77)90023-5

L. Medlin and P. Sims, The transfer of Pseudoeunotia doliolus to Fragilariopsis, Beih Zur Nova Hedwig, vol.106, pp.323-357, 1993.

F. Round, R. Crawford, and D. Mann, The diatoms, Biology and Morphology of the Genera, 1990.

P. Jonsson, M. Johansson, and R. Pierce, Attachment to suspended particles may improve foraging and reduce predation risk for tintinnid ciliates, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.49, issue.6, pp.1907-914, 2004.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2004.49.6.1907

H. Lim, S. Teng, P. Lim, M. Wolf, and C. Leaw, (Bacillariophyceae) inferred from sequence-structure information, Phycologia, vol.55, issue.2, pp.134-180, 2016.
DOI : 10.2216/15-78.1.s1

M. Laval-peuto and D. Brownlee, Identification and systematics of the Tintinnina (Ciliophora): evaluation and suggestion for improvement, Ann. Inst. Océanogr., Paris, vol.62, pp.69-84, 1986.

L. Amaral-zettler, E. Mccliment, H. Ducklow, and S. Huse, A Method for Studying Protistan Diversity Using Massively Parallel Sequencing of V9 Hypervariable Regions of Small-Subunit Ribosomal RNA Genes, PLoS ONE, vol.50, issue.7, p.6372, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0006372.t003

B. Gügi, T. Costaouec, C. Burel, P. Lerouge, W. Helbert et al., Diatom-Specific Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide Structures Help to Unravel Biosynthetic Capabilities in Diatoms, Marine Drugs, vol.13, issue.9, pp.5993-6018, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s004250050184

J. Dolan, H. Claustre, F. Carlotti, S. Plounevez, and T. Moutin, Microzooplankton diversity: relationships of tintinnid ciliates with