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, As a result, we have left out from our purview, the Siberian and Far Eastern districts of Russia located east of the Ural mountain range. This huge territory spread over 13 million sq

, Unless otherwise stated, all demographic parameters and estimates underlying this chapter derive from the 2013 United Nations population estimates for 1950-2010 (United Nations 2013). Population forecasts up to 2100 are based on the medium-variant projections from the same source

, With the exception of the Ottoman census of 1831, the first modern censuses in Asia date from the second half of the 19th century for the British colonies

, During the first half of the 20th century, census operations were introduced in Indonesia, Japan and Thailand, but countries such as China, the Philippines, Iran and Viet Nam had to wait until after World War II

, Population estimates from the HYDE database are described in particular in Goldewijk, See also Livi-Bacci, 2001.

G. and J. , On Asia's population growth, see notably James, 2002.

, Rajasthan state in India, Sulawesi and Kalimantan provinces of Indonesia, provinces of central Viet Nam, as well as Punjab and Sind provinces of Pakistan. In these sub-national entities, extremely densely populated rural areas coexist with forested, mountainous or desert terrains devoid of any significant population settlements, Examples of provinces with significant density disparities include Sichuan and Shanxi provinces in China

. Goldewijk, See also Balk et al (2005) for more detail. Other sources of disaggregated population mapping include the LandScan dataset of 'ambient population' (Dobson et al. 2000) and the HYDE estimates, 2005.

. Sutton, Night-time satellite imagery provides an alternative source for identifying conurbations, but this procedure may generate additional difficulties of interpretation, 2001.

, This is the so-called Hu line -running from Heilongjang to Yunnan provinces -imagined in 1935 by geographer Hu Huanyong. Figures quoted here are from Yue, 2003.

, On the case of South-Eastern Asia, see Hirschman and, 2012.

, Rain-fed agriculture is most vulnerable, as it is dependent on the irregular monsoon precipitations in Asia, 2006.

, On urban distribution, see notably McGranahan, Bulkeley (2013) and Un-Habitat, 2007.

, These figures are based on the rather high threshold of 10 metres, See McGranahan et al, 2007.

. Mcgee, See also DST (2008) for a more recent perspective. See also World Bank (2009) for a detailed description of settlement patterns and density, 1991.

, A more comprehensive definition of urban agglomerations combines density (above 150 per sq. km), population totals and connectivity (see Nallari, 2012.

, On internal migration in Asia, see for instance Deshingkar (2006) and Fan, See Hugo (2005) on international migrations, 2008.

, Forced displacement constitutes a distinct case of population redistribution. Asia has a record number of refugees and internally displaced persons. Major dams have also led to large numbers of relocations

, For a comparison with the spatial distribution of the global human population, see Small and Cohen, 2004.

, Australia also presents an extremely skewed population distribution, but it is not considered here because of its limited population (24 million in, 2015.

, This situation is already illustrated by the case of China's major metropolises. In Beijing and Shanghai, the natural increase is already negative owing to ultra-low fertility levels, but the massive influx of migrants led to population growth greater than 40 per cent during the previous decade

, Population growth is, however, only one in a long list of factors associated with environmental degradation in Asia, See AASA, 2011.