A. Akhmanova and C. Hoogenraad, Microtubule minus-end-targeting proteins CrossRef Medline membranes: functional implications and regulatory mechanisms Molecular wear of microtubules propelled by surface-adhered kinesins, Curr Biol Front Cell Neurosci Nat Nanotechnol, vol.25, issue.10, pp.162-171166, 2015.

C. Medline-dzhashiashvili, Y. Zhang, Y. Galinska, J. Lam, I. Grumet et al., Nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments are ankyrin G???dependent domains that assemble by distinct mechanisms, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.70, issue.5, pp.857-870, 2007.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.143.5.1295

C. Evans, M. Sammons, R. Lebron, S. Dumitrescu, A. Watkins et al., Calcineurin signaling mediates activitydependent relocation of the axon initial segment Rapid modulation of axon initial segment length influences repetitive spike firing CrossRef Medline Myosin II activity is required for structural plasticity at the axon initial segment Endocytotic elimination and domain-selective tethering constitute a potential mechanism of protein segregation at the axonal initial segment Sorting of dendritic and axonal vesicles at the pre-axonal exclusion zone Exclusion of integrins from CNS axons is regulated by Arf6 activation and the AIS Cooperative interactions between 480 kDa ankyrin-G and EB proteins assemble the axon initial segment, J Neurosci Cell Rep Eur J Neurosci J Cell Biol CrossRef Medline Farías GG Cell Rep CrossRef Medline Franssen EH J Neurosci J Neurosci, vol.33, issue.36, pp.6950-69631233, 2004.

C. Galiano, M. Jha, S. Ho, T. Zhang, C. Ogawa et al., A distal axonal cytoskeleton forms an intra-axonal boundary that controls axon initial segment assembly A targeting motif involved in sodium channel clustering at the axonal initial segment Dib-Hajj SD (2012) An ankyrinG-binding motif is necessary and sufficient for targeting Nav1.6 sodium channels to axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier Activity-dependent relocation of the axon initial segment fine-tunes neuronal excitability, Cell Science J Neurosci Burrone J Nature, vol.149, issue.465, pp.1125-11392091, 2003.

C. Grubb, M. Shu, Y. Kuba, H. Rasband, M. Wimmer et al., MAP2 defines a pre-axonal filtering zone to regulate KIF1-versus KIF5-dependent cargo transport in sensory neurons Rab5 and its effector FHF contribute to neuronal polarity through dynein-dependent retrieval of somatodendritic proteins from the axon Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/ neurotrophin 3 regulate axon initial segment location and affect neuronal excitability in cultured hippocampal neurons A period of structural plasticity at the axon initial segment in developing visual cortex Myelin loss and axonal ion channel adaptations associated with gray matter neuronal hyperexcitability CrossRef Medline Covariation of axon initial segment location and dendritic tree normalizes the somatic action potential Posttranslational modifications of tubulin and the polarized transport of kinesin-1 in neurons Hyperphosphorylated tau causes reduced hippocampal CA1 excitability by relocating the axon initial segment Cysteine 70 of ankyrin-G is S-palmitoylated and is required for function of ankyrin-G in membrane domain assembly Neurofascin assembles a specialized extracellular matrix at the axon initial segment AnkyrinG is required for maintenance of the axon initial segment and neuronal polarity2014) CK2 accumulation at the axon initial segment depends on sodium channel Nav1 Heterogeneity of the axon initial segment in interneurons and pyramidal cells of rodent visual cortex (2015) Impact of preconditioning with retinoic acid during early development on morphological and functional characteristics of human induced pluripotent stem cellderived neurons Role of the axonal initial segment in psychiatric disorders: function, dysfunction, and intervention. Front Psychiatry 5:109. CrossRef Medline Huang CF, Banker G (2012) The translocation selectivity of the kinesins that mediate neuronal organelle transport II spectrin forms a periodic cytoskeleton at the axon initial segment and is required for nervous system function An II spectrin-based cytoskeleton protects large-diameter myelinated axons from degeneration Organization of the axon initial segment: actin like a fence A (IV)-spectrin/CaMKII signaling complex is essential for membrane excitability in mice Voltage-gated ion channels in the axon initial segment of human cortical pyramidal cells and their relationship with chandelier cells, J Neurosci Neuron Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A J Neurochem Front Neuroanat J Neurosci Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Mol Biol Cell Acta Neuropathol CrossRef Medline He M J Biol Chem CrossRef Medline Hedstrom KL J Cell Biol CrossRef Medline Hedstrom KL, Ogawa Y, Rasband MN J Cell Biol FEBS Lett CrossRef Medline Höfflin F Front Cell Neurosci Stem Cell Res Traffic J Neurosci J Neurosci CrossRef Medline Huang YM, Rasband MN J Cell Biol J Clin Invest Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.31, issue.103, pp.16049-160550085, 2006.

C. Medline-jamann, N. Jordan, M. Engelhardt, and M. , Activity-dependent axonal plasticity in sensory systems, Neuroscience CrossRef Medline, vol.368, pp.268-282, 2018.

C. Janke, A. Janssen, R. Tas, P. Van-bergeijk, R. Oost et al., CrossRef Myosin-V induces cargo immobilization and clustering at the axon initial segment. Front Cell Neurosci 11:89. CrossRef Medline Bilaterian giant ankyrins have a common evolutionary origin and play a conserved role in patterning the axon initial segment (2015) Giant ankyrin-G: a critical innovation in vertebrate evolution of fast and integrated neuronal signaling Ankyrin-G coordinates assembly of the spectrin-based membrane skeleton, voltage-gated sodium channels, and L1 CAMs at purkinje neuron initial segments, J Cell Biol PLoS Genet Proc Natl Acad Sci CrossRef Medline Jenkins SM, Bennett V J Cell Biol, vol.206, issue.155, pp.461-472957, 2001.

C. Medline-jensen, C. Watanabe, S. Stas, J. Klaphaak, J. Yamane et al., Trafficking of Kv2.1 channels to the axon initial segment by a novel nonconventional secretory pathway Synapses on the axon hillocks and initial segments of pyramidal cell axons in the cerebral cortex, J Neurosci CrossRef Medline Jones EG Powell TP J Cell Sci, vol.37, issue.5, pp.11523-11536495, 1969.

M. Jones, S. Svitkina, T. Tokito, M. Holzbaur, E. Kloth et al., Axon initial segment cytoskeleton comprises a multiprotein submembranous coat containing sparse actin filaments CrossRef Medline Kapitein LC, Hoogenraad CC (2015) Building the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton CrossRef Medline King AN, Manning CF, Trimmer JS (2014) A unique ion channel clustering domain on the axon initial segment of mammalian neurons CDK5-dependent activation of dynein in the axon initial segment regulates polarized cargo transport in neurons First de novo ANK3 nonsense mutation in a boy with intellectual disability, speech impairment and autistic features, CrossRef Medline Kneynsberg A, Kanaan NM (2017) Aging does not affect axon initial segment structure and somatic localization of tau protein in hippocampal neurons of Fischer344 rats, pp.67-81492, 2014.

K. Ko, M. Rasband, V. Meseguer, R. Kramer, N. Golding et al., CrossRef A functional barrier to movement of lipids in polarized neurons CrossRef Signal processing in the axon initial segment Axon initial segment Kv1 channels control axonal action potential waveform and synaptic efficacy Action potential generation requires a high sodium channel density in the axon initial segmentIV-spectrin regulates sodium channel clustering through ankyrin-G at axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier Tubulin tyrosination navigates the kinesin-1 motor domain to axons AnkyrinG: a new ankyrin gene with neural-specific isoforms localized at the axonal initial segment and node of Ranvier The axon initial segment as a synaptic site: ultrastructure and synaptology of the initial segment of the pyramidal cell in the rat hippocampus (CA3 region) Mechanical control of the sense of touch by -spectrin Genetic defects in -spectrin and tau sensitize C. elegans axons to movement-induced damage via torquetension coupling, Serotonin modulates spike probability in the axon initial segment through HCN channels Presynaptic activity regulates Na() channel distribution at the axon initial segment, pp.826-834647, 1980.

C. Medline-kuba, H. Adachi, R. Ohmori, H. Yamada, R. Ishiguro et al., Activity-dependent and activityindependent development of the axon initial segment Redistribution of Kv1 and Kv7 enhances neuronal excitability during structural axon initial segment plasticity Dynein regulator NDEL1 controls polarized cargo transport at the axon initial segment In vivo assembly of the axon initial segment in motor neurons Identification of a conserved ankyrin-binding motif in the family of sodium channel alpha subunits, J Neurosci CrossRef Medline Kuba H Nat Commun CrossRef Medline Kuijpers M Neuron Brain Struct Funct, vol.34, issue.219, pp.3443-34538815461, 2003.

A. Brachet, M. Fache, B. Dargent, H. Vacher, M. Fache et al., The axon initial segment CrossRef Medline Leterrier C, Dargent B (2014) No Pasaran! Role of the axon initial segment in the regulation of protein transport and the maintenance of axonal identity Voltage-gated sodium channel organization in neurons: protein interactions and trafficking pathways End-binding proteins EB3 and EB1 link microtubules to ankyrin G in the axon initial segment Nanoscale architecture of the axon initial segment reveals an organized and robust scaffold Ankyrin G membrane partners drive the establishment and maintenance of the axon initial segment (2017b) The nano-architecture of the axonal cytoskeleton Myosin-dependent targeting of transmembrane proteins to neuronal dendrites Control of transmembrane protein diffusion within the postsynaptic density assessed by simultaneous single-molecule tracking and localization microscopy, B (2017) M-current inhibition rapidly induces a unique CK2-dependent plasticity of the axon initial segment, pp.27333-27339185, 2009.

X. Li, Y. Kumar, H. Zempel, E. Mandelkow, J. Biernat et al., Novel diffusion barrier for axonal retention of tau in neurons and its failure in neurodegeneration Chemically inducible diffusion trap at cilia reveals molecular sieve-like barrier, EMBO J CrossRef Medline Lin YC Nat Chem Biol, vol.30, issue.9, pp.4825-4837437, 2011.

J. Crossref-medline-lipka, L. Kapitein, J. Jaworski, C. Hoogenraad, H. Liu et al., CrossRef Visualizing long-term singlemolecule dynamics in vivo by stochastic protein labeling Ankyrin-G isoform imbalance and interneuronopathy link epilepsy and bipolar disorder Cell-type-dependent molecular composition of the axon initial segment Molecular identity of dendritic voltage-gated sodium channels Ankyrin-3 as a molecular marker of early-life stress and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders Cholinergic afferent stimulation induces axonal function plasticity in adult hippocampal granule cells Plasma membrane structure at the axon hillock, initial segment and cell body of frog dorsal root ganglion cells EBs recognize a nucleotide-dependent structural cap at growing microtubule ends, EMBO J Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Mol Psychiatry J Neurosci CrossRef Medline Lorincz A, Nusser Z Science Neuron CrossRef Medline Matsumoto E, Rosenbluth J J Neurocytol Cell, vol.35, issue.149, pp.302-318343, 1985.

J. Muir, J. Kittler, K. Ritchie, Y. Oba, M. Nakamura et al., Microtubules provide directional cues for polarized axonal transport through interaction with kinesin motor head Preferential binding of a kinesin-1 motor to GTP-tubulin-rich microtubules underlies polarized vesicle transport Axonal membranes and their domains: assembly and function of the axon initial segment and node of Ranvier The impact of cytoskeletal organization on the local regulation of neuronal transport Subcellular patterning: axonal domains with specialized structure and function The impact of early environmental interventions on structural plasticity of the axon initial segment in neocortex CrossRef Medline Ogawa Y, Horresh I, Postsynaptic density-93 clusters Kv1 channels at axon initial segments independently of Caspr2 Polarized localization of voltage-gated Na channels is regulated by concerted FGF13 and FGF14 action The axon hillock and the initial segment A common ankyrin-G-based mechanism retains KCNQ and NaV channels at electrically active domains of the axon The small pyramidal neuron of the rat cerebral cortex. the axon hillock and initial segment Plasticity of the axon initial segment: fast and slow processes with multiple functional roles Selective microtubule-based transport of dendritic membrane proteins arises in concert with axon specification CrossRef Medline Rasband MN (2010a) The axon initial segment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity CrossRef Medline Rasband MN (2010b) Clustered K channel complexes in axons The excitatory postsynaptic density is a size exclusion diffusion environment Neuronal polarity: an evolutionary perspective The Kv2.1 K channel targets to the axon initial segment of hippocampal and cortical neurons in culture and in situ MTCL1 plays an essential role in maintaining purkinje neuron axon initial segment Microtubules self-repair in response to mechanical stress Disruption of the axon initial segment cytoskeleton is a new mechanism for neuronal injury Structural plasticity of synaptopodin in the axon initial segment during visual cortex development, Plasticity of GABAA receptor diffusion dynamics at the axon initial segment. Front Cell Neurosci 8:151. CrossRef Medline Nakada C CrossRef Medline Nakata CrossRef Medline Shah MM, Migliore M Functional significance of axonal Kv7 channels in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, pp.626-6321045, 1968.

P. Natl, A. Sci, U. Song, A. Wang, D. Chen et al., CrossRef A selective filter for cytoplasmic transport at the axon initial segment Ankyrin and spectrin associate with voltage-dependent sodium channels in brain, ) Selective filtering defect at the axon initial segment in Alzheimer's disease mouse models, pp.17564-175691148, 1988.

P. Natl, A. Sci, U. Tapia, M. Wandosell, F. Garrido et al., Impaired function of HDAC6 slows down axonal growth and interferes with axon initial segment development GSK3 and -catenin determines functional expression of sodium channels at the axon initial segment, PLoS One Cell Mol Life Sci, vol.111, issue.70, pp.14271-14276105, 2010.

C. Thome, T. Kelly, A. Yanez, C. Schultz, M. Engelhardt et al., Axon-carrying dendrites convey privileged synaptic input in hippocampal neurons Cdk5 regulates the size of an axon initial segment-like compartment in mushroom body neurons of the Drosophila central brain HDAC6 and RhoA are novel players in abeta-driven disruption of neuronal polarity Cdk-mediated phosphorylation of the Kv2 auxiliary subunit regulates Kv1 channel axonal targeting TRIM46 controls neuronal polarity and axon specification by driving the formation of parallel microtubule arrays Microtubule plusend tracking proteins in neuronal development Polarized distribution of ion channels within microdomains of the axon initial segment, Neuron CrossRef Medline Trunova S J Neurosci Nat Commun J Cell Biol CrossRef Medline van Beuningen SF Neuron Cell Mol Life Sci J Comp Neurol, vol.83, issue.500, pp.1418-143010451, 2007.

K. Watanabe, S. Bassam, Y. Miyazaki, T. Wandless, P. Webster et al., Networks of polarized actin filaments in the axon initial segment provide a mechanism for sorting axonal and dendritic proteins Activity-dependent mismatch between axo-axonic synapses and the axon initial segment controls neuronal output Homeostatic plasticity of subcellular neuronal structures: from inputs to outputs Axon initial segment dysfunction in epilepsy A diffusion barrier maintains distribution of membrane proteins in polarized neurons, CrossRef Medline Xu K, Zhong G, Zhuang X (2013) Actin, spectrin, and associated proteins form a periodic cytoskeletal structure in axons, pp.1546-15539757, 1999.

C. Xu, M. Cooper, E. Xu, X. Shrager, P. Ben-shalom et al., An ankyrin-G N-terminal gate and protein kinase CK2 dually regulate binding of voltage-gated sodium and KCNQ2/3 potassium channels Dependence of axon initial segment formation on Na channel expression Structural and functional plasticity at the axon initial segmentArrestin-dependent dopaminergic regulation of calcium channel activity in the axon initial segment, J Biol Chem J Neurosci Res CrossRef Medline Yamada R, Kuba H Front Cell Neurosci Cell Rep, vol.290, issue.16, pp.16619-16632428, 2005.

Y. Crossref-medline-yang, Y. Ogawa, K. Hedstrom, R. Mn-medline, K. Yau et al., betaIV spectrin is recruited to axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier by ankyrinG CrossRef Microtubule minus-end binding protein CAM- SAP2 controls axon specification and dendrite development Dendrites in vitro and in vivo contain microtubules of opposite polarity and axon formation correlates with uniform plus-endout microtubule orientation Selective modulation of axonal sodium channel subtypes by 5-HT1A receptor in cortical pyramidal neuron Axon initial segments: diverse and dynamic neuronal compartments, J Cell Biol Neuron J Neurosci CrossRef Medline Yin L Cereb Cortex Curr Opin Neurobiol, vol.176, issue.27, pp.509-519, 2007.

C. Medline-yoshimura, T. Stevens, S. Leterrier, C. Stankewich, M. et al., Axodendritic sorting and pathological missorting of tau are isoform-specific and determined by axon initial segment architecture Cytoskeletal control of axon domain assembly and function Modeling of the axon membrane skeleton structure and implications for its mechanical properties Developmental mechanism of the periodic membrane skeleton in axons AnkyrinG is required for clustering of voltage-gated Na channels at axon initial segments and for normal action potential firing Genetic disruption of ankyrin-G in adult mouse forebrain causes cortical synapse alteration and behavior reminiscent of bipolar disorder A critical role for neurofascin in regulating action potential initiation through maintenance of the axon initial segment, CrossRef Medline Leterrier ? Axon Initial Segment J. Neurosci, pp.12192-12207116, 1998.