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, Figure 4 Spallation kinetics and cooling temperature (cooling rate 5 C s À 1 ) for three individual grains [(n), (h) and (s)], after 384 hours oxidation at 1300 C (surface fraction spalled and related mass loss) (a) and substrate alloy microstructure with crystal orientation (b), overall spallation (c), and detail of central grain showing wrinkling (d)