J. Lehmann and S. Joseph, Biochar for Environmental Management, Science, Technology and Implementation, 2015.

J. S. Cha, S. H. Park, S. Jung, C. Ryu, J. Jeon et al., Production and utilization of biochar: a review, J. Ind. Eng. Chem, vol.40, pp.1-15, 2016.

S. You, Y. Sik, S. S. Ok, D. C. Chen, E. E. Tsang et al., A critical review on sustainable biochar system through gasification: energy and environmental applications, vol.246, pp.242-253, 2017.

R. Zhao, N. Coles, Z. Kong, and J. Wu, Effects of aged and fresh biochars on soil acidity under different incubation conditions, Soil Tillage Res, vol.146, pp.133-138, 2015.

M. M. Diémé, M. Hervy, S. N. Diop, C. Gérente, A. Villot et al., Sustainable conversion of agriculture and food waste into activated carbons devoted to fluoride removal from drinking water in Senegal, Int. J. Chem, vol.8, p.8, 2015.

M. Hervy, D. P. Minh, C. Gérente, E. Weiss-hortala, A. Nzihou et al., H 2 S removal from syngas using wastes pyrolysis chars, Chem. Eng. J, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01667285

M. Hervy, C. Gérente, A. Villot, L. L. Coq, E. Weiss-hortala et al., Recycling of pyrolysis chars from food waste, wastewater treatment sludge and wood in the syngas purification, Proc. Int. Conf. Solid Waste-Knowl, 2015.

F. Nestler, L. Burhenne, M. J. Amtenbrink, and T. Aicher, Catalytic decomposition of biomass tars: the impact of wood char surface characteristics on the catalytic performance for naphthalene removal, Fuel Process. Technol, vol.145, pp.31-41, 2016.

Y. Shen, M. Chen, T. Sun, and J. Jia, Catalytic reforming of pyrolysis tar over metallic nickel nanoparticles embedded in pyrochar, Fuel, vol.159, pp.570-579, 2015.

J. Lee, K. Kim, and E. E. Kwon, Biochar as a catalyst, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, vol.77, pp.70-79, 2017.

P. J. De-wild, H. Den-uil, J. H. Reith, J. H. Kiel, and H. J. Heeres, Biomass valorization by staged degasification. A new pyrolysis-based thermochemical conversion option to produce value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol.85, pp.124-133, 2009.

A. Demirbas, Gaseous products from biomass by pyrolysis and gasification: effect of catalyst on hydrogen yield, Energy Convers. Manage, vol.43, pp.897-909, 2002.

Z. , A. El-rub, E. A. Bramer, and G. Brem, Experimental comparison of biomass chars with other catalysts for tar reduction, Fuel, vol.87, pp.2243-2252, 2008.

P. Serp and J. L. Figueiredo, Carbon Materials for Catalysis, 2009.

N. Muradov, F. Smith, and A. T-raissi, Catalytic activity of carbons for methane decomposition reaction, Catal. Today, vol.102, pp.225-233, 2005.

D. P. Serrano, J. A. Botas, J. L. Fierro, R. Guil-lopez, P. Pizzaro et al., Hydrogen production by methane decomposition: origin of the catalytic activity of carbon materials, Fuel, vol.89, pp.1241-1248, 2010.

N. B. Klinghoffer, M. J. Castaldi, and A. Nzihou, Catalyst properties and catalytic performance of char from biomass gasification, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, vol.51, pp.13113-13122, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01632400

D. Fuentes-cano, A. Gómez-barea, S. Nilsson, and P. Ollero, Decomposition kinetics of model tar compounds over chars with different internal structure to model hot tar removal in biomass gasification, Chem. Eng. J, vol.228, pp.1223-1233, 2013.

S. Zhang, M. Asadullah, L. Dong, H. L. Tay, and C. Z. Li, An advanced biomass gasification technology with integrated catalytic hot gas cleaning. Part II: Tar reforming using char as a catalyst or as a catalyst support, Fuel, vol.112, pp.646-653, 2013.

F. J. Wang, S. Zhang, Z. D. Chen, C. Liu, and Y. G. Wang, Tar reforming using char as catalyst during pyrolysis and gasification of Shengli brown coal, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol.105, pp.269-275, 2014.

M. Ducousso, E. Weiss-hortala, A. Nzihou, and M. J. Castaldi, Reactivity enhancement of gasification biochars for catalytic applications, Fuel, vol.159, pp.491-499, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01609221

Y. Shen, Chars as carbonaceous adsorbents/catalysts for tar elimination during biomass pyrolysis or gasification, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, vol.43, pp.281-295, 2015.

N. Muradov, Catalysis of methane decomposition over elemental carbon, Catal. Commun, vol.2, pp.89-94, 2001.

M. Hervy, S. Berhanu, E. Weiss-hortala, A. Chesnaud, C. Gérente et al., Multi-scale characterisation of chars mineral species for tar cracking, Fuel, vol.189, pp.88-97, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01391562

S. Liu, Y. Wang, R. Wu, X. Zeng, S. Gao et al., Fundamentals of catalytic tar removal over in situ and ex situ chars in two-stage gasification of coal, Energy Fuels, vol.1, pp.58-66, 2014.

X. Li and C. Li, Volatilisation and catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis and gasification of Victorian brown coal Part VIII. Catalysis and changes in char structure during gasification in steam, Fuel, vol.85, pp.1518-1525, 2006.

N. B. Klinghoffer, M. J. Castaldi, and A. Nzihou, Influence of char composition and inorganics on catalytic activity of char from biomass gasification, Fuel, vol.157, pp.37-47, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01611006

B. Fidalgo and J. Á. Menéndez, Carbon materials as catalysts for decomposition and CO 2 reforming of methane: a review, Chin. J. Catal, vol.32, pp.207-216, 2011.

A. Dufour, A. Celzard, V. Fierro, F. Broust, C. Courson et al., Catalytic conversion of methane over a biomass char for hydrogen production: deactivation and regeneration by steam gasification, Appl. Catal. A: Gen, vol.490, pp.170-180, 2015.

D. P. Serrano, J. A. Botas, and R. Guil-lopez, H 2 production from methane pyrolysis over commercial carbon catalysts: kinetic and deactivation study, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, pp.4488-4494, 2009.

D. Sutton, B. Kelleher, and J. R. Ross, Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification, Fuel Process. Technol, vol.73, pp.155-173, 2001.

A. Nzihou, B. Stanmore, and P. Sharrock, A review of catalysts for the gasification of biomass char, with some reference to coal, Energy, vol.58, pp.305-317, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01632394

Z. Min, P. Yimsiri, M. Asadullah, S. Zhang, and C. Li, Catalytic reforming of tar during gasification. Part II. Char as a catalyst or as a catalyst support for tar reforming, Fuel, vol.90, pp.2545-2552, 2011.

Y. L. Zhang, W. G. Wu, S. H. Zhao, Y. F. Long, and Y. H. Luo, Experimental study on pyrolysis tar removal over rice straw char and inner pore structure evolution of char, Fuel Process. Technol, vol.134, pp.333-344, 2015.

S. Zhao, Y. Luo, Y. Zhang, and Y. Long, Experimental investigation of the synergy effect of partial oxidation and bio-char on biomass tar reduction, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol.112, pp.262-269, 2015.

K. Zeng, D. Pham-minh, D. Gauthier, E. Weiss-hortala, A. Nzihou et al., The effect of temperature and heating rate on char properties obtained from solar pyrolysis of beech wood, Bioresour. Technol, vol.182, pp.114-119, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01176348

T. H. Yeo, I. A. Tan, and M. O. Abdullah, Development of adsorption air-conditioning technology using modified activated carbon-a review, Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev, vol.16, pp.3355-3363, 2012.

T. Le, P. J. Dumont, L. Orgéas, D. Favier, L. Salvo et al., X-ray phase contrast microtomography for the analysis of the fibrous microstructure of SMC composites, Composites: Part A, vol.39, pp.91-103, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00374957

S. Jeffery, M. B. Meinders, C. R. Stoof, T. M. Bezemer, T. F. Van-de-voorde et al., Biochar application does not improve the soil hydrological function of a sandy soil, Geoderma, pp.47-54, 2015.

K. Jones, G. Ramakrishnan, M. Uchimiya, and A. Orlov, New applications of X-ray tomography in pyrolysis of biomass: biochar imaging, vol.29, pp.1628-1634, 2015.

T. Pattanotai, H. Watanabe, and K. Okazaki, Effects of particle aspect ratio on pyrolysis and gasification of anisotropic wood cylinder, Fuel, vol.150, pp.162-168, 2015.

J. M. Jones, M. Pourkashanian, C. D. Rena, and A. Williams, Modelling the relationship of coal structure to char porosity, Fuel, vol.78, pp.1737-1744, 1999.

V. Fernandez-alos, J. K. Watson, R. Van-der-wal, and J. P. Mathews, Soot and char molecular representations generated directly from HRTEM lattice fringe images using Fringe3D, Combust. Flame, vol.158, pp.1807-1813, 2011.

W. J. Liu, H. Jiang, and H. Q. Yu, Development of biochar-based functional materials: toward a sustainable platform carbon material, Chem. Rev, vol.115, pp.12251-12285, 2015.

E. Mura, O. Debono, A. Villot, and F. Paviet, Pyrolysis of biomass in a semi-industrial scale reactor: study of the fuel-nitrogen oxidation during combustion of volatiles, Biomass Bioenergy, vol.59, pp.187-194, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01391545

I. Abe, M. Hitomi, N. Ikuta, H. Tatsumoto, and Y. Kera, Pore structural analysis of charcoals by mercury intrusion porosimetry, TANSO, vol.172, pp.77-82, 1996.

A. Mirone, E. Brun, E. Gouillart, P. Tafforeau, and J. Kieffer, The PyHST2 hybrid distributed code for high speed tomographic reconstruction with iterative reconstruction and a priori knowledge capabilities, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, vol.324, pp.41-48, 2013.

D. Paganin, S. C. Mayo, T. E. Gureyev, P. R. Miller, and S. W. Wilkins, Simultaneous phase and amplitude extraction from a single defocused image of a homogeneous object, J. Microsc, vol.206, pp.33-40, 2002.

A. X. Falcao, J. Stolfi, R. De-alencar, and . Lotufo, The image foresting transform: theory, algorithms, and applications, Pattern Anal, Mach. Intell, vol.26, pp.19-29, 2004.

E. J. Watts, Ultramicrotomy of carbon-graphite materials for transmission electron microscopy, Metallography, vol.9, pp.43-49, 1976.

P. Pré, G. Huchet, D. Jeulin, J. N. Rouzaud, M. Sennour et al., A new approach to characterize the nanostructure of activated carbons from mathematical morphology applied to high resolution transmission electron microscopy images, Carbon, vol.52, pp.239-258, 2013.

P. Trtik, J. Dual, D. Keunecke, D. Mannes, P. Niemz et al., 3D imaging of microstructure of spruce wood, J. Struct. Biol, vol.159, pp.46-55, 2007.

M. Asadullah, S. Zhang, Z. Min, P. Yimsiri, and C. Z. Li, Effects of biomass char structure on its gasification reactivity, vol.101, pp.7935-7943, 2010.

G. S. Szyma?ski, Z. Karpi?ski, S. Biniak, and A. ?wia?, The effect of the gradual thermal decomposition of surface oxygen species on the chemical and catalytic properties of oxidized activated carbon, Carbon, vol.40, pp.2627-2639, 2002.

I. I. Salame and T. J. Bandosz, Surface chemistry of activated carbons: combining the results of temperature-Programmed desorption, boehm, and potentiometric titrations, J. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.240, pp.252-258, 2001.

D. M. Keown, J. I. Hayashi, and C. Z. Li, Drastic changes in biomass char structure and reactivity upon contact with steam, Fuel, vol.87, pp.1127-1132, 2008.

J. Mcdonald-wharry, M. Manley-harris, and K. Pickering, Carbonisation of biomassderived chars and the thermal reduction of a graphene oxide sample studied using Raman spectroscopy, Carbon, vol.59, pp.383-405, 2013.

M. I. Bird, P. L. Ascough, I. M. Young, C. V. Wood, and A. C. Scott, X-ray microtomographic imaging of charcoal, J. Archaeolog. Sci, vol.35, pp.2698-2706, 2008.

A. Sadezki, H. Muckenhuber, H. Grothe, R. Niessner, and U. Pöschl, Raman microspectroscopy of soot and related carbonaceous materials: spectral analysis and structural information, Carbon, vol.43, pp.1731-1742, 2005.

A. Moilanen and H. J. Mühlen, Characterization of gasification reactivity of peat char in pressurized conditions: effect of product gas inhibition and inorganic material, Fuel, vol.75, pp.1279-1285, 1996.

P. Fu, W. Yi, X. Bai, Z. Li, S. Hu et al., Effect of temperature on gas composition and char structural features of pyrolyzed agricultural residues, Bioresour. Technol, vol.10, pp.8211-8219, 2011.

B. Manoj and A. G. Kunjomana, Study of stacking structure of amorphous carbon by Xray diffraction technique, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, vol.7, pp.3127-3134, 2012.

M. S. Hasan-khan-tushar, N. Mahinpey, A. Khan, H. Ibrahim, P. Kumar et al., Idem, Production, characterization and reactivity studies of chars produced by the isothermal pyrolysis of flax straw, Biomass Bioenergy, vol.37, pp.97-105, 2012.

K. N. Kudin, B. Ozbas, H. C. Schniepp, R. K. Prud'homme, I. A. Aksay et al., Raman spectra of graphite oxide and functionalized graphene sheets, Nano Lett, vol.8, pp.36-41, 2008.

E. Cetin, B. Moghtaderi, R. Gupta, and T. F. Wall, Influence of pyrolysis conditions on the structure and gasification reactivity of biomass chars, vol.83, pp.2139-2150, 2004.

X. Li, J. Hayashi, and C. Z. Li, FT-Raman spectroscopic study of the evolution of char structure during the pyrolysis of a Victorian brown coal, Fuel, vol.85, pp.1700-1707, 2006.

D. M. Keown, X. Li, J. I. Hayashi, and C. Z. Li, Evolution of biomass char structure during oxidation in O 2 as revealed with FT-Raman spectroscopy, Fuel Process. Technol, vol.89, pp.1429-1435, 2008.