From Atlantic to All-American

Claire Lemercier (1)

1 CSO - Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS)

One of the key areas where the United States is generally contrasted to France is law. Yet pitting the common law tradition against Napoleon's civil code obscures the diversity of the French justice system, as well as the differences between English and US experiences. This paper tells how, when preoccupied with reforming judicial procedure, both before and after the Civil War, New Yorkers were inspired by some lesser known corners of French justice, such as the conciliatory “justices of the peace” and the lay, elected, but official “commercial courts”. It draws on research by Amalia Kessler on the birth of the US “adversarial tradition” and complements it with a focus on merchants and their disputes. It shows that the relationships of New York merchants with the legal system were, in the first half of the century, remarkably similar to those of their French counterparts, and in many respects shaped by shared trans-Atlantic experiences. Ironically, though, explicit attempts at importing elements from the French judicial system happened, in the late 1840s to mid-1870s, were instrumental in strengthening the idea of a distinctly US national character with, among other, procedural implications. They ultimately led to the invention of what was deemed a specifically American way to deal with (commercial) disputes.

Mots clés: New York Chamber of Commerce; courts; Transtlantic trade; nineteenth century

Domaines: Droit; Histoire

Claire Lemercier. From Atlantic to All-American: New York Experiments in Judicial Transplant. 2016. ⟨hal-01699854⟩