B. Andrews and J. , Dispersal and air entrainment in unconfined dilute pyroclastic density currents, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.62, issue.226, pp.1-14, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(94)90037-X

R. Bagnold and A. , The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, 1941.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-5682-7

J. Beget, E. , and A. J. Limke, Two-dimensional kinematic and rheological modeling of the 1912 pyroclastic flow, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.56, pp.148-160, 1988.

J. Bernard, K. Kelfoun, J. L. Le-pennec, S. Vallejo, and . Vargas, Pyroclastic flow erosion and bulking processes: comparing field-based vs. modeling results at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.60, issue.2, pp.85810-1007, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s004450050222
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01170138

E. Breard, C. , P. , G. Lube, J. R. Jones et al., Coupling of turbulent and non-turbulent flow regimes within pyroclastic density currents, Nature Geoscience, vol.2, issue.10, pp.767-771, 1038.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.fl.02.010170.002145

M. Bursik, I. , and A. W. Woods, The dynamics and thermodynamics of large ash flows, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.58, issue.2-3, pp.175-193, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/s004450050134

M. Bursik, I. , and A. W. Woods, The effects of topography on sedimentation from particleladen turbulent density currents, J. Sedimentary Res, vol.70, issue.1, 2000.

R. Bonnecaze, H. Huppert, and J. Lister, Particle-driven gravity currents, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.121, issue.-1, pp.339-369, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90028-8
URL : http://www.itg.cam.ac.uk/people/heh/Paper115.pdf

R. Bonnecaze and J. Lister, Particle-driven gravity currents down planar slopes, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.390, pp.75-91, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112099004917

J. Bourdier and E. K. Abdurachman, Decoupling of small-volume pyroclastic flows and related hazards at Merapi volcano, Indonesia, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.63, issue.5, pp.309-325, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s004450100133
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00089708

M. Branney, J. , and P. Kokelaar, of Memoirs, Pyroclastic Density Currents and the Sedimentation of Ignimbrites, 2002.

E. Calder, S. , P. D. Cole, W. B. Dade, T. H. Druitt et al., Mobility of pyroclastic flows and surges at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.25, issue.5, pp.537-540, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/98GL01405

O. Castro-orgaz, K. Hutter, J. V. Giraldez, and W. H. Hager, Nonhydrostatic granular flow over 3-D terrain: New Boussinesq-type gravity waves?, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.99, issue.EM5, pp.1-28, 1002.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112099005467
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JF003279/pdf

S. Charbonnier, J. , and R. Gertisser, Field observations and surface characteristics of pristine block-and-ash flow deposits from the 2006 eruption of Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.177, issue.4, pp.971-982, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.07.008

S. Charbonnier, J. , and R. Gertisser, Evaluation of geophysical mass flow models using the 2006 block-and-ash flows of Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: Towards a short-term hazard assessment tool, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.231, issue.232, pp.231-232, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.02.015

T. H. Lavigne, L. J. Dixon, and . Connor, Evaluation of the impact of the 2010 pyroclastic density currents at Merapi volcano from high-resolution satellite imagery, field investigations and numerical simulations, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res, vol.261, pp.295-315, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01483850

P. Cole, D. , and E. S. Calder, Deposits from dome-collapse and fountain-collapse pyroclastic flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (eds) The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999, pp.231-262, 2002.

G. Córdoba, E. B. Pitman, and M. F. Sheridan, TITAN2F: a pseudo-3-D model of 2-phase debris flows, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions, vol.3, issue.6, pp.3789-382210, 2015.
DOI : 10.5194/nhessd-3-3789-2015-supplement

S. Dartevelle, W. I. Rose, J. Stix, K. Kelfoun, and J. W. Vallance, Numerical modeling of geophysical granular flows: 2. Computer simulations of plinian clouds and pyroclastic flows and surges, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.42, issue.B4, pp.10-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/cite.330421408

P. Dellino, D. Mele, R. Bonasia, G. Braia, L. L. Volpe et al., The analysis of the influence of pumice shape on its terminal velocity, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.44, issue.B10, pp.10-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-74864-6

P. Dellino, D. Mele, R. Sulpizio, L. L. Volpe, and G. Braia, A method for the calculation of the impact parameters of dilute pyroclastic density currents based on deposit particle characteristics, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, issue.B3, pp.720610-1029, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-85829-1

R. Denlinger and P. , A model for generation of ash clouds by pyroclastic flows, with application to the 1980 eruptions at Mount St. Helens, Washington, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.139, issue.3, pp.284-298, 1987.
DOI : 10.1144/gsjgs.139.5.0581

E. Doyle, E. , A. J. Hogg, H. M. Mader, and R. S. Sparks, Modeling concentrated pyroclastic basal flows from collapsing columns, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.35, pp.1-5, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2007gl032585
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GL032585/pdf

E. Doyle, E. , A. J. Hogg, H. M. Mader, and R. S. Sparks, A two-layer model for the evolution and propagation of concentrated and dilute regions of pyroclastic currents, J, 2010.

T. Druitt and H. , Pyroclastic density currents The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, pp.145-182, 1998.

T. Druitt, H. , E. S. Calder, P. D. Cole, R. P. Hoblitt et al., Small-volume, highly mobile pyroclastic flows formed by rapid sedimentation from pyroclastic surges at Soufri??re Hills Volcano, Montserrat: an important volcanic hazard, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, vol.21, issue.1, pp.263-279, 1995.
DOI : 10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.12

T. Druitt, H. , and R. S. Sparks, A proximal ignimbrite breccia facies on santorini , Greece, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.13, issue.1-2, pp.147-171, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(82)90025-7

S. Elghobashi, On predicting particle-laden turbulent flows, Applied Scientific Research, vol.1, issue.4, pp.309-329, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60106-5

E. Ongaro, T. , A. Neri, G. Menconi, M. De-'michieli et al., Transient 3D numerical simulations of column collapse and pyroclastic density current scenarios at Vesuvius, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.178, issue.3, pp.378-396, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.036

E. Ongaro, T. , A. B. Clarke, B. Voight, A. Neri et al., Multiphase flow dynamics of pyroclastic density currents during the May 18, 1980 lateral blast of Mount St, Helens. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.117, pp.10-1029, 2012.

R. Fisher and V. , Models for pyroclastic surges and pyroclastic flows, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.6, issue.3-4, pp.305-318, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(79)90008-8

R. Fisher and V. , Decoupling of pyroclastic currents: hazards assessments, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.66, issue.1-4, pp.257-2630377, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(94)00075-R

T. Fujii and S. Nakada, The 15 September 1991 pyroclastic flows at Unzen Volcano (Japan): a flow model for associated ash-cloud surges, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.89, issue.1-4, pp.159-172, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00130-9

J. Gray, M. , N. , T. , Y. Tai et al., Shock waves, dead zones and particle-free regions in rapid granular free-surface flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.491, pp.161-181, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112003005317

V. Gueugneau, K. Kelfoun, O. Roche, and L. Chupin, Effects of pore pressure in pyroclastic flows: Numerical simulation and experimental validation, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.42, issue.7, pp.10-1002, 2017.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00236.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01625001

M. Hallworth, A. , H. E. Huppert, J. C. Phillips, and R. S. Sparks, Entrainment into two-dimensional and axisymmetric turbulent gravity currents, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.88, issue.-1, pp.289-311, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/362829a0

P. Heinrich, G. Boudon, J. C. Komorowski, R. S. Sparks, R. Herd et al., Numerical simulation of the December 1997 Debris Avalanche in Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, Numerical simulation of the December 1997 debris avalanche in Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, pp.2529-2532, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(94)00067-Q

A. Hogg, J. , and D. Pritchard, The effects of hydraulic resistance on dam-break and other shallow inertial flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.501, pp.179-212, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112003007468

K. Hutter, Y. Wang, and S. P. Pudasaini, The Savage???Hutter avalanche model: how far can it be pushed?, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.363, issue.1832, pp.1832-1507, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2005.1594
URL : http://www.newton.ac.uk/preprints/NI03072.pdf

H. Itoh, J. Takahama, M. Takahashi, and K. Miyamoto, Hazard estimation of the possible pyroclastic flow disasters using numerical simulation related to the 1994 activity at Merapi Volcano, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.100, issue.1-4, pp.503-51610, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00153-0

R. Iverson, M. , and R. P. Denlinger, Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain: 1. Coulomb mixture theory, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.1250, issue.17, pp.537-55210, 2001.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.1985.35.1.3

S. Jenkins, J. Komorowski, P. Baxter, R. Spence, A. Picquout et al., The Merapi 2010 eruption: An interdisciplinary impact assessment methodology for studying pyroclastic density current dynamics, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.261, issue.1, pp.316-329, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.02.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01484027

K. Kelfoun, Suitability of simple rheological laws for the numerical simulation of concentrated pyroclastic flows and long?runout volcanic avalanches, Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, issue.116, pp.8209-8219, 2011.

K. Kelfoun and T. H. Druitt, Numerical modeling of the emplacement of Socompa rock avalanche, Chile, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.66, issue.3???4, pp.10-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.17

K. Kelfoun, V. Gueugneau, J. Komorowski, N. Aisyah, and N. Cholik, Simulation of block-and-ash flows and ash-cloud surges of the 2010 eruption of Merapi volcano with a two-fluid layer model, submitted to, J. Geophys. Res

K. Kelfoun, P. Samaniego, P. Palacios, and D. Barba, Testing the suitability of frictional behaviour for pyroclastic flow simulation by comparison with a well-constrained eruption at Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador), Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.55, issue.19, pp.1057-107510, 2009.
DOI : 10.1130/SPE180-p125
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00449386

K. Gertisser, N. Preece, A. Cholik, and S. Budi-santoso, Paroxysmal dome explosion during the Merapi 2010 eruption: Processes and facies relationships of associated high-energy pyroclastic density currents, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res, vol.261, issue.1, pp.260-294, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01484034

A. Lacroix, La Montagne Pelée et ses eruptions, Masson et Cie, 1904.

L. Roux, J. , and P. , Settling velocity of spheres: a new approach, Sedimentary Geology, vol.81, issue.1-2, pp.11-16, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0037-0738(92)90053-T

G. Lube, S. J. Cronin, J. Thouret, and S. , Kinematic characteristics of pyroclastic density currents at Merapi and controls on their avulsion from natural and engineered channels, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.123, issue.5-6, pp.1127-1140, 2011.
DOI : 10.1130/B30244.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00682700

I. Luca, K. Hutter, C. Y. Kuo, and Y. C. Tai, Two-layer models for shallow avalanche flows over arbitrary variable topography, International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, vol.2, issue.1, pp.99-121, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01176861

A. Lucas and A. Mangeney, Mobility and topographic effects for large Valles Marineris landslides on Mars, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.172, issue.10, p.10201, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/0-306-47647-9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01285794

S. Loughlin, C. , P. J. Baxter, W. P. Aspinall, B. Darroux et al., Eyewitness accounts of the 25 pyroclastic flows and surges atSoufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, and implications for disaster mitigation (eds) The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from, pp.211-231, 1995.

A. Mcewen, S. , and M. C. Malin, Dynamics of Mount St. Helens' 1980 pyroclastic flows, rockslide-avalanche, lahars, and blast, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.37, issue.3-4, pp.205-231, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(89)90080-2

K. Mctaggart and C. , The mobility of nuees ardentes, American Journal of Science, vol.258, issue.5, pp.369-382, 1960.
DOI : 10.2475/ajs.258.5.369

I. Nairn, A. , and S. Self, Explosive eruptions and pyroclastic avalanches from Ngauruhoe in February 1975, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.3, issue.1-2, pp.39-60, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(78)90003-3

S. Nakada and T. Fujii, Preliminary report on the activity at Unzen Volcano (Japan), November 1990-November 1991: Dacite lava domes and pyroclastic flows, Preliminary report on the activity at Unzen Volcano (Japan), pp.319-333, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(93)90070-8

A. Neri and G. Macedonio, Numerical simulation of collapsing volcanic columns with particles of two sizes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.8, issue.B4, pp.8153-8174, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(80)90111-0

A. Neri, T. Esposti-ongaro, G. Macedonio, and D. Gidaspow, Multiparticle simulation of collapsing volcanic columns and pyroclastic flow, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.8, issue.7, pp.10-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(80)90111-0
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2001JB000508/pdf

S. Ogburn, E. , E. S. Calder, P. D. Cole, and A. J. Stinton, The effect of topography on ash-cloud surge generation and propagation, pp.179-194, 2014.

A. Patra and K. , Parallel adaptive numerical simulation of dry avalanches over natural terrain, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.139, issue.1-2, pp.1-21, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.06.014
URL : http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~pitman/jvgrpap.pdf

B. Pitman, C. C. Nichita, A. Patra, A. Bauer, M. Sheridan et al., Computing granular avalanches and landslides, Computing granular avalanches and landslides, pp.3638-3648, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(91)90054-4

O. Pouliquen and Y. Forterre, Friction law for concentrated granular flows: Application to the motion of a mass down a rough inclined plane, J. Fluid Mech, vol.453, pp.133-151, 2002.

K. Pye and H. Tsoar, Aeolian sand and sand dune, p.396, 1990.

W. Rose, I. Jr, N. K. Grant, G. A. Hahn, I. M. Lange et al., The Evolution of Santa Mar??a Volcano, Guatemala, The Journal of Geology, vol.85, issue.1, pp.63-87, 1977.
DOI : 10.1086/628269

S. Rossano, G. Mastrolorenzo, and G. Natale, Numerical simulation of pyroclastic density currents on Campi Flegrei topography: a tool for statistical hazard estimation., Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.132, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00384-6

S. B. Savage and K. Hutter, The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.196, issue.-1, pp.177-215, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01180101

M. Sijercic, B. Srdjan, and S. Zarko, Simulation of free turbulent particle-laden jet using Reynolds-stress gas turbulence model, Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol.31, issue.6, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apm.2006.03.019

M. F. Sheridan and M. C. Malin, Application of computer-assisted mapping to volcanic hazard evaluation of surge eruptions: Vulcano, lipari, and vesuvius, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.17, issue.1-4, pp.187-202, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(83)90067-7

M. F. Sheridan, A. J. Stinton, A. Patra, E. B. Pitman, A. Bauer et al., Evaluating Titan2D mass-flow model using the 1963 Little Tahoma Peak avalanches, Mount Rainier, Washington, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.139, issue.1-2, pp.89-102, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.06.011

R. S. Sparks, S. Self, and G. P. Walker, Products of Ignimbrite Eruptions, Products of ignimbrite eruptions, pp.115-118, 1973.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1973)1<115:POIE>2.0.CO;2

R. Sparks, S. , and J. , Grain size variations in ignimbrites and implications for the transport of pyroclastic flows, Sedimentology, vol.12, issue.3, pp.147-188, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00371184

R. Sparks, S. , J. , L. Wilson, and G. Hulme, Theoretical modeling of the generation, movement, and emplacement of pyroclastic flows by column collapse, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.12, issue.3, pp.1727-1739, 1978.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb06909.x

I. Tegen and I. Fung, Contribution to the atmospheric mineral aerosol load from land surface modification, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, issue.D9, pp.18707-18726, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/JD092iD03p03027

I. Tegen and R. Miller, Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.27, issue.22, pp.23895-23915, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/00022470.1977.10470534

B. Turnbull and P. Bartelt, Mass and Momentum Balance Model of a Mixed Flowing/Powder Snow Avalanche, Surveys in Geophysics, vol.24, issue.5/6, pp.465-477, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/B:GEOP.0000006077.82404.84

I. Uno, H. Amano, S. Emori, N. Kinoshita, I. Matsu et al., Trans-Pacific yellow sand transport observed in April 1998: A numerical simulation, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.105, issue.D16, pp.18331-18344, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900309

G. Valentine, A. Fisher, and R. , Origin of layer 1 deposits in ignimbrites, Geology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.146-148, 1986.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<146:OOLDII>2.0.CO;2

G. Valentine and A. , Stratified flow in pyroclastic surges, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.616-630, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-771050-1.50011-5

G. A. Valentine and K. H. Wohletz, Numerical models of Plinian eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.9, issue.B2, pp.1867-1887, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(81)90001-9

G. A. Valentine, K. H. Wohletz, and S. W. Kieffer, Effects of topography on facies and compositional zonation in caldera-related ignimbrites, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.104, issue.2, pp.154-165, 1992.
DOI : 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0154:EOTOFA>2.3.CO;2

G. Walker, P. , L. , and C. J. Wilson, Lateral variations in the taupo ignimbrite, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.18, issue.1-4, pp.117-133, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(83)90005-7

C. Widiwijayanti, B. Voight, D. Hidayat, and S. P. Schilling, Objective rapid delineation of areas at risk from block-and-ash pyroclastic flows and surges, Bull Volcanol, DOI 10, pp.445-453, 1007.

C. Wilson, J. , and N. , The role of fluidization in the emplacement of pyroclastic flows: an experimental approach, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res, vol.880, pp.231-249, 1980.

C. Wilson, J. , N. Walker, and G. P. , Ignimbrite depositional facies: the anatomy of a pyroclastic flow, Journal of the Geological Society, vol.139, issue.5, pp.581-592, 1982.
DOI : 10.1144/gsjgs.139.5.0581

A. Woods, W. , R. S. Sparks, L. J. Ritchie, J. Batey et al., The explosive decompression of a pressurized volcanic dome: the 26 December 1997 collapse and explosion ofSoufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (eds) The eruption ofSoufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from, pp.457-465, 1995.

J. Xuan, Turbulence factors for threshold velocity and emission rate of atmospheric mineral dust, Atmospheric Environment, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1777-1783, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.030