M. Abbas, K. Smaili, and D. Berkanis, Evaluation of Topic Identification Methods on Arabic Corpora, Journal of Digital Information Management, vol.9, issue.5, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01586544

R. Al-shalabi, G. Kanaan, M. Yaseen, B. Al-sarayreh, and N. A. Al-naji, Arabic query expansion using interactive word sense disambiguation, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Arabic Language Resources and Tools, 2009.

M. A. Attia, Handling Arabic Morphological and Syntactic Ambiguity within the LFG Framework with a View to Machine Translation " , a thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities, 2008.

S. Banerjee and T. Pedersen, An Adapted Lesk Algorithm for Word Sense Disambiguation Using WordNet, pp.136-145, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45715-1_11
URL : http://www.d.umn.edu/~tpederse/Pubs/banerjee.pdf

J. Basil, K. W. Vitins, and . Axhausen, Optimization of Large Transport Networks Using the Ant Colony Heuristic, pp.1-14, 2009.

M. Beseiso, A. Ahmad, and R. Ismail, A Survey of Arabic language Support in Semantic web, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol.9, issue.1, 2010.
DOI : 10.5120/1348-1818

W. Black, . Elkateb, . Sabri, . Rodriguez, and . Horacio, Introducing the Arabic WordNet project, Proceedings of the 3rd International WordNet Conference (GWC-06, pp.295-299, 2006.

M. T. Diab, An unsupervised approach for bootstrapping Arabic sense tagging, Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Arabic Script-based Languages, Semitic '04, pp.43-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.3115/1621804.1621818
URL : http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~mdiab/papers/ArabicSenseTagging.pdf

M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo, and A. Colorni, Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics), vol.26, issue.1, pp.29-41, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/3477.484436

M. Dorigo, G. Caro, and L. Gambardella, Ant Algorithms for Discrete Optimization, Artificial Life, vol.54, issue.1, pp.137-172, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01797237
URL : http://code.ulb.ac.be/dbfiles/DorDicGam1999al.pdf

M. Dorigo and C. Blum, Ant colony optimization theory: A survey, Theoretical Computer Science, vol.344, issue.2-3, pp.243-278, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tcs.2005.05.020

M. Dorigo, . Birattari, . Mauro, and T. Stutzle, Ant colony optimization, IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, vol.1, issue.4, pp.28-39, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/MCI.2006.329691

Z. Elberrichi and K. Abidi, Arabic text categorization: a comparative study of different representation modes, Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol, vol.9, issue.5, pp.465-470, 2012.

K. Elghamry, Sense and homograph disambiguation in Arabic using coordination-based semantic similarity, Proc. AUC-OXFORDConference on Language and Linguistics, 2006.

. Elkateb, . Sabry, and . Black, Arabic WordNet and the challenges of Arabic, Proceedings of Arabic NLP/MT Conference, 2006.

S. Elmougy, T. Hamza, and H. M. Noaman, Naïve Bayes classifier for Arabic word sense disambiguation, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Informatics and Systems, 2008.

S. Elmougy, T. Hamza, and H. M. Noaman, Lexical Disambiguation of Arabic Language: An Experimental Study " Polibits No, 2012.

A. Farag and A. Nürnberger, Arabic/English word translation disambiguation using parallel corpora and matching schemes, Proc.12th Annual Conf. of the European Assoc. for Machine Translation, pp.6-11, 2008.

F. Ali and S. Khaled, Arabic Natural Language Processing: Challenges and Solutions, ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing, vol.8, issue.14, 2009.

N. Habash and O. Rambow, Arabic tokenization, part-of-speech tagging and morphological disambiguation in one fell swoop, Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '05, pp.573-580, 2005.
DOI : 10.3115/1219840.1219911

M. Lesk, Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries, Proceedings of the 5th annual international conference on Systems documentation , SIGDOC '86, pp.24-26, 1986.
DOI : 10.1145/318723.318728

M. B. Menai and W. Alsaeedan, Genetic Algorithm for Arabic Word Sense Disambiguation, 2012 13th ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing, 2012.
DOI : 10.1109/SNPD.2012.38

M. B. Menai, Word Sense Disambiguation using an evolutionary approach, pp.155-169, 2014.

M. B. Menai, Word sense disambiguation using evolutionary algorithms ??? Application to Arabic language, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.41, pp.92-103, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chb.2014.06.021

L. Merhben, A. Zouaghi, and M. Zrigui, Ambiguous Arabic Words Disambiguation, 2010 11th ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing, pp.45-52, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/SNPD.2010.32

M. I-l-l-e-r,-g-e-o-r-g-e and A. , Wo r d N e t, 9 9 5 ), pp.39-41, 1995.

R. Navigli, Word sense disambiguation, ACM Computing Surveys, vol.41, issue.2, p.10, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1459352.1459355

M. Nameh, S. M. Fakhrahmad, Z. Jahromi, and M. , A New Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Context Similarity, Proc. Work. Of the World Congress on Engineering, 2011.

Ö. Lev, . Roth, . Dan, and D. Downey, word sense disambiguation for Turkish lexical sample», a thesis Local and global algorithms for disambiguation to Wikipedia, Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp.1375-1384, 2009.

R. A. Cote, choosing one dialect for the Arabic speaking world: a status planning dilemma, Arizona Working Papers in SLA &Teaching, vol.16, pp.75-97, 2009.

H. Rodriguez, . Farwell, . David, and J. Farreres, Arabic WordNet: Current state and future extensions, Proceedings of the Fourth Global WordNet Conference, 2008.

D. Schwab, G. , and N. , A Global Ant Colony Algorithm for Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Semantic Relatedness, Highlights in Practical Applications of Agents and Multi agent Systems, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-19917-2_31
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00959153

. Schwab, . Didier, . Goulian, . Jérôme, . Tchechmedjiev et al., Ant Colony Algorithm for the Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation of Texts: Comparison and Evaluation, COLING. 2012, pp.2389-2404, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00953818

S. Didier, . Goulian, G. Jérôme, and N. , Désambiguïsation lexicale par propagation de mesures sémantiques locales par algorithmes à colonies de fourmis, Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles, p.185, 2011.

S. Didier, T. Andon, . Goulian, and . Jérôme, GETALP: Propagation of a Lesk Measure through an Ant Colony Algorithm, p.232, 2013.

R. Shah, A New Approach to Lexical Disambiguation of Arabic Text, Proc. Work.International Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2010.

Z. Yang, B. Yu, and C. Cheng, A Parallel Ant Colony Algorithm for Bus Network Optimization, Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, vol.36, issue.10, pp.44-55, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00321-7

A. Zouaghi, L. Merhben, and M. Zrigui, Word Sense disambiguation for Arabic language using the variant of the Lesk algorithm, Proc. Work. International conference on artificial intelligence, pp.561-567, 2011.