E. Union, Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives, EC of the European ParliamentEC, vol.2830, pp.32009-32037, 2001.

J. E. Lovich and J. R. Ennen, Wildlife Conservation and Solar Energy Development in the Desert Southwest, United States, BioScience, vol.88, issue.12, pp.61-982, 2011.
DOI : 10.1006/anbo.2001.1540

J. M. Northrup and G. Wittemyer, Characterising the impacts of emerging energy development on wildlife, with an eye towards mitigation, Ecology Letters, vol.43, issue.1, pp.112-125, 2013.
DOI : 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1034:MLHMUR]2.0.CO;2

G. Horv-ath, M. Blah-o, A. Egri, G. Kriska, I. Seres et al., Reducing the Maladaptive Attractiveness of Solar Panels to Polarotactic Insects, Conservation Biology, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1644-1653, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/13887890.2005.9748246

T. Tsoutsos, N. Frantzeskaki, and V. Gekas, Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies, Energy Policy, vol.33, issue.3, pp.289-296, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00241-6

D. Turney and V. Fthenakis, Environmental impacts from the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.15, issue.6, pp.3261-3270, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.023

R. Chiabrando, E. Fabrizio, and G. Garnero, The territorial and landscape impacts of photovoltaic systems: Definition of impacts and assessment of the glare risk, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.13, issue.9, pp.2441-2451, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.008

S. V. Br?-uckmann, J. Krauss, and I. Steffan-dewenter, Butterfly and plant specialists suffer from reduced connectivity in fragmented landscapes, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.125, issue.4, pp.799-809, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.flora.2007.04.006

P. D. Taylor, L. Fahrig, K. Henein, and G. Merriam, Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure, Oikos, pp.571-573, 1993.

B. H. Mcrae and P. Beier, Circuit theory predicts gene flow in plant and animal populations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/2413122

C. D. Stevenson, M. Ferryman, O. T. Nevin, A. D. Ramsey, S. Bailey et al., movement within a fragmented landscape, Ecology and Evolution, vol.108, issue.7, pp.2350-2361, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13711.x

T. R. Etherington, G. L. Perry, P. E. Cowan, and M. N. Clout, Quantifying the Direct Transfer Costs of Common Brushtail Possum Dispersal using Least-Cost Modelling: A Combined Cost-Surface and Accumulated-Cost Dispersal Kernel Approach, PLoS ONE, vol.47, issue.2, p.88293, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0088293.t002

B. H. Mcrae, ISOLATION BY RESISTANCE, Evolution, vol.28, issue.8, pp.1551-1561, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00865.x

F. Adriaensen, J. P. Chardon, G. De-blust, E. Swinnen, S. Villalba et al., The application of ???least-cost??? modelling as a functional landscape model, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.64, issue.4, pp.233-247, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00242-6

S. A. Cushman, B. Mcrae, F. Adriaensen, P. Beier, M. Shirley et al., Biological corridors and connectivity, Key topics in conservation biology, pp.384-404, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.003

A. Muratet, R. Lorrillière, P. Clergeau, and C. Fontaine, Evaluation of landscape connectivity at community level using satellite-derived NDVI, Landscape Ecology, vol.20, issue.1, pp.95-105, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00586.x

T. H. Ricketts, E. Ockinger, K. Bergman, M. Franz-en, T. Kadlec et al., The matrix matters: Effective isolation in fragmented landscapes The American Naturalist The landscape matrix modifies the effect of habitat fragmentation in grassland butterflies, Landscape Ecology, vol.158, issue.27, pp.87-99, 2001.

R. M. Ewers and R. K. Didham, Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation , Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, pp.117-142, 2006.

J. Ekroos, J. Heli?-ol?-a, and M. Kuussaari, Homogenization of lepidopteran communities in intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.44, issue.2, pp.459-467, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-4391-2_5

A. Villemey, I. Van-halder, A. Ouin, L. Barbaro, J. Chenot et al., Mosaic of grasslands and woodlands is more effective than habitat connectivity to conserve butterflies in French farmland, Biological Conservation, vol.191, pp.206-215, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.030

A. Gil-tena, J. Nabucet, C. Mony, J. Abadie, S. Saura et al., Woodland bird response to landscape connectivity in an agriculture-dominated landscape: a functional community approach, Community Ecology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.256-268, 2014.
DOI : 10.1556/ComEc.15.2014.2.14

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01090613

D. R. Cameron, B. S. Cohen, and S. A. Morrison, An Approach to Enhance the Conservation-Compatibility of Solar Energy Development, PLoS ONE, vol.73, issue.6, p.38437, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0038437.s003

D. M. Stoms, S. L. Dashiell, and F. W. Davis, Siting solar energy development to minimize biological impacts, Renewable Energy, vol.57, pp.289-298, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.055

M. Liz-ee, R. Bonardo, J. Mauffrey, V. Bertaudière-montes, T. Tatoni et al., Relative importance of habitat and landscape scales on butterfly communities of urbanizing areas, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.334, issue.1, pp.74-84, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2010.11.001

M. L. Munguira and J. A. Thomas, Use of Road Verges by Butterfly and Burnet Populations, and the Effect of Roads on Adult Dispersal and Mortality, The Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.29, issue.2, pp.316-329, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2404501

A. Ouin, S. Aviron, J. Dover, and F. Burel, Complementation/supplementation of resources for butterflies in agricultural landscapes, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.103, issue.3, pp.473-479, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2003.11.003

T. Delattre, P. Vernon, and F. Burel, An agri-environmental scheme enhances butterfly dispersal in European agricultural landscapes, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.166, pp.102-109, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.018

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01382136

J. W. Dover, Butterflies and wildlife corridors, The Game Conservancy Review, pp.62-64, 1989.

A. Ouin, M. Martin, and F. Burel, Agricultural landscape connectivity for the meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina), Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.124, issue.3-4, pp.193-199, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2007.09.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00312795

J. Loos, M. Kuussaari, J. Ekroos, J. Hanspach, P. Fust et al., Changes in butterfly movements along a gradient of land use in farmlands of Transylvania (Romania), Landscape Ecology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.625-635, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00208.x

T. Delattre, J. Pichancourt, F. Burel, and P. Kindlmann, Grassy field margins as potential corridors for butterflies in agricultural landscapes: A simulation study, Ecological Modelling, vol.221, issue.2, pp.370-377, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.10.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00448886

E. Kallioniemi, A. Zannese, J. E. Tinker, and A. M. Franco, Inter- and intra-specific differences in butterfly behaviour at boundaries, Insect Conservation and Diversity, vol.58, issue.3, pp.232-240, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(91)90117-R

M. Liz-ee, J. Mauffrey, T. Tatoni, and M. Deschamps-cottin, Monitoring urban environments on the basis of biological traits, Ecological Indicators, vol.11, issue.2, pp.353-361, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.06.003

E. Pollard, A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies, Biological Conservation, vol.12, issue.2, pp.115-134, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(77)90065-9

A. E. Magurran, Ecological diversity and its measurements, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-7358-0

H. Wolda, Similarity indices, sample size and diversity, Oecologia, vol.112, issue.3, pp.296-302, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00344966

V. M. Stevens, A. Trochet, S. Blanchet, S. Moulherat, J. Clobert et al., Dispersal syndromes and the use of life-histories to predict dispersal, Evolutionary Applications, vol.82, issue.1, pp.630-642, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02030.x

R. Development and C. Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 2013.

B. H. Mcrae, B. G. Dickson, T. H. Keitt, and V. B. Shah, USING CIRCUIT THEORY TO MODEL CONNECTIVITY IN ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND CONSERVATION, Ecology, vol.1, issue.10, pp.2712-2724, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00131172

K. P. Burnham, D. R. Anderson, and K. P. Huyvaert, AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol.264, issue.1, pp.23-35, 2010.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1997.0075

O. L. Sutcliffe, V. Bakkestuen, G. Fry, and O. E. Stabbetorp, Modelling the benefits of farmland restoration: methodology and application to butterfly movement, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.63, issue.1, pp.15-31, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00153-6

T. Flick, S. Feagan, and L. Fahrig, Effects of landscape structure on butterfly species richness and abundance in agricultural landscapes in eastern Ontario, Canada, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.156, pp.123-133, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2012.05.006

L. Ries, D. M. Debinski, M. L. Wieland, E. Ockinger, M. Franz-en et al., Conservation value of roadside prairie restoration to butterfly communities Mobility-dependent effects on species richness in fragmented landscapes Life-history traits predict species responses to habitat area and isolation: A cross-continental synthesis, Conservation Biology Basic and Applied Ecology Ecology Letters, vol.15, issue.13, pp.401-411, 2001.

K. A. Zeller, K. Mcgarigal, and A. R. Whiteley, Estimating landscape resistance to movement: a review, Landscape Ecology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.777-797, 2012.
DOI : 10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[406:PDAPSO]2.0.CO;2

J. A. Thomas, N. A. Bourn, R. T. Clarke, K. E. Stewart, D. J. Simcox et al., The quality and isolation of habitat patches both determine where butterflies persist in fragmented landscapes, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.268, issue.1478, pp.1791-1796, 2001.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1693

J. Dover and J. Settele, The influences of landscape structure on butterfly distribution and movement: a review, Journal of Insect Conservation, vol.125, issue.1, pp.3-27, 2008.
DOI : 10.14411/eje.2005.100

B. Kr?-amer, D. Poniatowski, and T. Fartmann, Effects of landscape and habitat quality on butterfly communities in pre-alpine calcareous grasslands, Biological Conservation, vol.152, pp.253-261, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.03.038

L. Ries and D. M. Debinski, Butterfly responses to habitat edges in the highly fragmented prairies of Central Iowa, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.58, issue.5, pp.840-852, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/4987

T. P. Fluri, The potential of concentrating solar power in South Africa, Energy Policy, vol.37, issue.12, pp.5075-5080, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.017

J. J. Watson and M. D. Hudson, Regional Scale wind farm and solar farm suitability assessment using GIS-assisted multi-criteria evaluation, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.138, pp.20-31, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.001