F. W. Allendorf, Genetic drift and the loss of alleles versus heterozygosity, Zoo Biology, vol.20, issue.2, pp.181-190, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/zoo.1430050212

C. D. Anderson, B. K. Epperson, M. Fortin, R. Holderegger, P. M. James et al., Considering spatial and temporal scale in landscape-genetic studies of gene flow, Molecular Ecology, vol.18, issue.17, pp.3565-3575, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

N. Barton and B. O. Bengtsson, The barrier to genetic exchange between hybridising populations, Heredity, vol.57, issue.3, pp.357-376, 1986.
DOI : 10.1038/hdy.1986.135

S. Blanchet, O. Rey, R. Etienne, S. Lek, and G. Loot, Species-specific responses to landscape fragmentation: implications for management strategies, Evolutionary Applications, vol.15, issue.3, pp.291-304, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01219020

I. R. Bradbury and P. Bentzen, Non-linear genetic isolation by distance: implications for dispersal estimation in anadromous and marine fish populations, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.340, pp.245-257, 2007.
DOI : 10.3354/meps340245

T. Broquet and E. J. Petit, Molecular Estimation of Dispersal for Ecology and Population Genetics, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.40, issue.1, pp.193-216, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120324

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00448683

J. Cornuet, S. Piry, G. Luikart, A. Estoup, and M. Solignac, New methods employing multilocus genotypes to select or exclude populations as origins of individuals, Genetics, vol.153, 1989.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00295518

J. F. Crow and M. Kimura, An introduction to population genetics theory, 1970.

R. J. Dyer, Is there such a thing as landscape genetics? Molecular ecology, pp.3518-3528, 2015.

P. Edelaar and D. I. Bolnick, Non-random gene flow: an underappreciated force in evolution and ecology, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.27, issue.12, pp.659-665, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.009

N. C. Ellstrand and D. R. Elam, Population Genetic Consequences of Small Population Size: Implications for Plant Conservation, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.24, issue.1, pp.217-242, 1993.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.001245

L. Excoffier and H. E. Lischer, Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.127, issue.3, pp.564-567, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x

J. Fischer and D. B. Lindenmayer, Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.137, issue.3, pp.265-280, 2007.
DOI : 10.1890/04-0809

G. Guillot, R. Leblois, A. Coulon, and A. C. Frantz, Statistical methods in spatial genetics, Molecular Ecology, vol.43, issue.4, pp.4734-4756, 2009.
DOI : 10.1139/g89-034

I. Hanski, A Practical Model of Metapopulation Dynamics, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.63, issue.1, p.151, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/5591

D. L. Hartl and A. G. Clark, Principles of population genetics, 2007.

R. Holderegger and H. H. Wagner, Landscape Genetics, BioScience, vol.101, issue.3, pp.199-207, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0405154101

J. Jaquiéry, T. Broquet, A. H. Hirzel, J. Yearsley, and N. Perrin, Inferring landscape effects on dispersal from genetic distances: How far can we go? Molecular Ecology, pp.692-705, 2011.

D. G. Jenkins, M. Carey, J. Czerniewska, J. Fletcher, T. Hether et al., A meta-analysis of isolation by distance: relic or reference standard for landscape genetics?, Ecography, vol.28, pp.315-320, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-4244-2

L. Jost, and its relatives do not measure differentiation, Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.18, pp.4015-4026, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

M. Kimura and G. H. Weiss, The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance, Genetics, vol.49, pp.561-576, 1964.

G. Laval and L. Excoffier, SIMCOAL 2.0: a program to simulate genomic diversity over large recombining regions in a subdivided population with a complex history, Bioinformatics, vol.20, issue.15, pp.2485-2487, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth264

R. Leblois, F. Rousset, and A. Estoup, Influence of Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneities on the Estimation of Demographic Parameters in a Continuous Population Using Individual Microsatellite Data, Genetics, vol.166, issue.2, pp.1081-1092, 2004.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.166.2.1081

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00326841

W. H. Lowe and F. W. Allendorf, What can genetics tell us about population connectivity?, Molecular Ecology, vol.18, issue.15, pp.3038-3051, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

S. Manel, M. K. Schwartz, G. Luikart, and P. Taberlet, Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.18, issue.4, pp.189-197, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00008-9

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00279786

P. G. Meirmans, Nonconvergence in Bayesian estimation of migration rates, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.16, issue.4, pp.726-733, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.hdy.6884960

V. M. Muggeo, Segmented: An R package to fit regression models with broken-line relationships, R News, vol.1, pp.20-25, 2008.

M. Nei, T. Maruyama, and R. Chakraborty, The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations, Evolution, issue.1, p.29, 1975.

D. L. Paulhus, R. W. Robins, K. H. Trzesniewski, and J. L. Tracy, Two Replicable Suppressor Situations in Personality Research, Multivariate Behavioral Research, vol.39, issue.2, pp.303-328, 2004.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_7

J. G. Prunier, M. Colyn, X. Legendre, and M. Flamand, Regression commonality analyses on hierarchical genetic distances, Ecography, vol.107, issue.12, 2017.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esw011

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01670824

J. G. Prunier, M. Colyn, X. Legendre, K. F. Nimon, and M. C. Flamand, Multicollinearity in spatial genetics: separating the wheat from the chaff using commonality analyses, Molecular Ecology, vol.27, issue.2, pp.263-283, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-012-9737-0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01123861

J. G. Prunier, V. Dubut, L. Chikhi, and S. Blanchet, Data from: Contribution of spatial heterogeneity in effective population sizes to the variance in pairwise measures of genetic differentiation. Dryad Digital Repository, 2017.

J. A. Raeymaekers, G. E. Maes, S. Geldof, I. Hontis, K. Nackaerts et al., Modeling genetic connectivity in sticklebacks as a guideline for river restoration, Evolutionary Applications, vol.15, issue.3, pp.475-488, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

J. Ray-mukherjee, K. Nimon, S. Mukherjee, D. W. Morris, R. Slotow et al., Using commonality analysis in multiple regressions: a tool to decompose regression effects in the face of multicollinearity, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, pp.320-328, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/105381510602800405

J. H. Relethford, Genetic drift and anthropometric variation in ireland, Human Biology, vol.63, pp.155-165, 1991.

J. H. Relethford, Genetic drift can obscure population history: Problem and solution, Human Biology, vol.68, pp.29-44, 1996.

J. L. Richardson, S. P. Brady, I. J. Wang, and S. F. Spear, Navigating the pitfalls and promise of landscape genetics, Molecular Ecology, vol.27, issue.4, pp.849-863, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-012-9737-0

F. Rousset, Genetic differentiation and estimation of gene flow from F-statistics under isolation by distance, Genetics, vol.145, pp.1219-1228, 1997.

G. Segelbacher, S. A. Cushman, B. K. Epperson, M. Fortin, O. Francois et al., Applications of landscape genetics in conservation biology: concepts and challenges, Conservation Genetics, vol.28, issue.2, pp.375-385, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00689.x

R. Serrouya, D. Paetkau, B. N. Mclellan, S. Boutin, M. Campbell et al., Population size and major valleys explain microsatellite variation better than taxonomic units for caribou in western Canada, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.11, pp.2588-2601, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.007

M. Slatkin, ISOLATION BY DISTANCE IN EQUILIBRIUM AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM POPULATIONS, Evolution, vol.4, issue.1, pp.264-279, 1993.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

P. E. Smouse, J. C. Long, and R. R. Sokal, Multiple Regression and Correlation Extensions of the Mantel Test of Matrix Correspondence, Systematic Zoology, vol.35, issue.4, pp.627-632, 1986.
DOI : 10.2307/2413122

L. Tischendorf and L. Fahrig, On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity, Oikos, vol.90, issue.1, pp.7-19, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900102.x

J. Verboom, A. Schotman, P. Opdam, and J. A. Metz, European Nuthatch Metapopulations in a Fragmented Agricultural Landscape, Oikos, vol.61, issue.2, pp.61-149, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/3545332

J. L. Wang, Estimation of effective population sizes from data on genetic markers, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.92, issue.4, pp.1395-1409, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.92.25.11549

J. A. Wiens, Metapopulation Dynamics and Landscape Ecology, Metapopulation biology, pp.43-62, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-012323445-2/50005-5

G. A. Wilson and B. Rannala, Bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes, Genetics, vol.163, pp.1177-1191, 2003.

S. Wright, Isolation by distance, Genetics, vol.28, p.114, 1943.

K. A. Zeller, K. Mcgarigal, and A. R. Whiteley, Estimating landscape resistance to movement: a review, Landscape Ecology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.777-797, 2012.
DOI : 10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[406:PDAPSO]2.0.CO;2

J. Prunier, V. Dubut, L. Chikhi, and S. Blanchet, Contribution of spatial heterogeneity in effective population sizes to the variance in pairwise measures of genetic differentiation, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.27, issue.12, pp.1866-1877, 2017.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-012-9737-0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681597