R. K. Grosberg and R. R. Strathmann, The Evolution of Multicellularity: A Minor Major Transition?, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.38, issue.1, pp.621-654, 2007.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735

N. King, The Unicellular Ancestry of Animal Development, Developmental Cell, vol.7, issue.3, pp.313-325, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.08.010
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2004.08.010

K. J. Niklas, The evolutionary-developmental origins of multicellularity, American Journal of Botany, vol.101, issue.1, pp.6-25, 2014.
DOI : 10.3732/ajb.1300314
URL : http://www.amjbot.org/content/101/1/6.full.pdf

J. Bonner, The origins of multicellularity, Integrative Biology: Issues, News, and Reviews, vol.1, issue.1, pp.27-36, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6

M. Carr and H. Suga, The Holozoan Capsaspora owczarzaki Possesses a Diverse Complement of Active Transposable Element Families, Genome Biology and Evolution, vol.92, issue.4, pp.949-963, 2014.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.92.3.920
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article-pdf/6/4/949/17923386/evu068.pdf

G. S. Richards and B. M. Degnan, The dawn of developmental signaling in the metazoa. in Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology sqb?, 2009.

T. T. Hoffmeyer and P. Burkhardt, Choanoflagellate models ??? Monosiga brevicollis and Salpingoeca rosetta, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.39, pp.42-47, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.016
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.016

H. Suga, The Capsaspora genome reveals a complex unicellular prehistory of animals, Nature Communications, vol.23, p.2325, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/database/bar068
URL : http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3325.pdf

S. R. Fairclough, M. J. Dayel, and N. King, Multicellular development in a choanoflagellate, Current Biology, vol.20, issue.20, pp.875-876, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.014
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.014

D. J. Richter and N. King, The Genomic and Cellular Foundations of Animal Origins, Annual Review of Genetics, vol.47, issue.1, pp.509-537, 2013.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-genet-111212-133456

E. Hehenberger, Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals, Current Biology, vol.27, issue.13, pp.2043-2050, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006

A. Sebé-pedrós, Author response, eLife, vol.26, p.1287, 2013.
DOI : 10.7554/eLife.01287.022

M. Srivastava, The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans, Nature, vol.32, issue.7207, pp.955-960, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03043791
URL : http://doi.org/10.1038/nature07191

J. F. Ryan, The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution, Science, vol.17, issue.12, pp.1242592-1242592, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.12.1246
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3920664?pdf=render

K. Pang, J. F. Ryan, J. C. Mullikin, A. D. Baxevanis, and M. Q. Martindale, Genomic insights into Wnt signaling in an early diverging metazoan, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, EvoDevo, vol.1, issue.1, p.1, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/2041-9139-1-10
URL : http://doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-1-10

M. Adamska, Structure and expression of conserved Wnt pathway components in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica, Evolution & Development, vol.275, issue.5, pp.494-518, 2010.
DOI : 10.1101/sqb.2009.74.028

M. Srivastava, The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity, Nature, vol.5, issue.7307, pp.720-726, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00519655

S. P. Leys, The Significance of Syncytial Tissues for the Position of the Hexactinellida in the Metazoa, Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol.43, issue.1, pp.19-27, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/43.1.19

S. P. Leys, Embryogenesis in the glass sponge Oopsacas minuta: Formation of syncytia by fusion of blastomeres, Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol.46, issue.2, pp.104-117, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/icj016

M. Dohrmann, D. Janussen, J. Reitner, A. Collins, and G. Worheide, Phylogeny and Evolution of Glass Sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida), Systematic Biology, vol.54, issue.3, pp.388-405, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/10635150590945313
URL : https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-pdf/57/3/388/19531531/57-3-388.pdf

A. Riesgo, N. Farrar, P. J. Windsor, G. Giribet, and S. P. Leys, The Analysis of Eight Transcriptomes from All Poriferan Classes Reveals Surprising Genetic Complexity in Sponges, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.14, issue.5, p.57, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1998.tb00338.x

E. Gazave, Origin and evolution of the Notch signalling pathway: an overview from eukaryotic genomes, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.9, issue.1, p.249, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-9-249
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00493284

S. M. Marino and V. N. Gladyshev, Analysis and Functional Prediction of Reactive Cysteine Residues, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.1, issue.7, p.4419, 2012.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M402823200
URL : http://www.jbc.org/content/287/7/4419.full.pdf

K. Pang, J. F. Ryan, A. D. Baxevanis, and M. Q. Martindale, Evolution of the TGF-?? Signaling Pathway and Its Potential Role in the Ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, PLoS ONE, vol.19, issue.9, p.24152, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0024152.s004

T. Nosenko, Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.67, issue.1, pp.223-233, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010

D. Pisani, Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.15402-15407, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/sysbio/sys029
URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/112/50/15402.full.pdf

M. Dohrmann and G. Wörheide, Dating early animal evolution using phylogenomic data. Sci, 2017.
DOI : 10.1038/s41598-017-03791-w
URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03791-w.pdf

M. Kanehisa and S. Goto, KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.28, issue.1, pp.27-30, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/28.1.27

M. Kanehisa, Y. Sato, M. Kawashima, M. Furumichi, and M. Tanabe, KEGG as a reference resource for gene and protein annotation, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.44, issue.D1, pp.457-462, 2016.
DOI : 10.1021/ci200367w
URL : https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-pdf/44/D1/D457/9482226/gkv1070.pdf

M. Kanehisa, M. Furumichi, M. Tanabe, Y. Sato, and K. Morishima, KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.45, issue.D1, pp.353-361, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.026
URL : https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-pdf/45/D1/D353/8846820/gkw1092.pdf

S. Leininger, Developmental gene expression provides clues to relationships between sponge and eumetazoan body plans, Nature Communications, vol.27, p.3905, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr088
URL : http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4905.pdf

K. J. Schippers and S. Nichols, A. ?-catenin has both conserved and novel functions in the sponge Ephydatia muelleri. bioRxiv 164012 https, p.164012, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356740

Q. Schenkelaars, L. Fierro-constain, E. Renard, A. L. Hill, and C. Borchiellini, Insights into Frizzled evolution and new perspectives, Evolution & Development, vol.338, issue.2, pp.160-169, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/338263a0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01444864

G. Parra, K. Bradnam, Z. Ning, T. Keane, and I. Korf, Assessing the gene space in draft genomes, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.15, issue.1, pp.289-297, 2009.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.3722605
URL : https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-pdf/37/1/289/17059274/gkn916.pdf

I. Birol, De novo Transcriptome Assemblies of Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana and Xenopus laevis Tadpole Livers for Comparative Genomics without Reference Genomes, PLOS ONE, vol.10, issue.4, p.130720, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0130720.s004
URL : http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130720

A. Czaban, Comparative transcriptome analysis within the Lolium/Festuca species complex reveals high sequence conservation, BMC Genomics, vol.5, issue.8, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msm088
URL : https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12864-015-1447-y?site=bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com

C. Frías-lópez, (Araneae, Hexathelidae), PeerJ, vol.279, p.1064, 2015.
DOI : 10.7717/peerj.1064/supp-9

E. R. Andersson, R. Sandberg, and U. Lendahl, Notch signaling: simplicity in design, versatility in function, Development, vol.138, issue.17, pp.3593-3612, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.063610
URL : http://dev.biologists.org/content/develop/138/17/3593.full.pdf

I. Borisenko, M. Adamski, A. Ereskovsky, and M. Adamska, Surprisingly rich repertoire of Wnt genes in the demosponge Halisarca dujardini, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.3, issue.15, p.16, 2016.
DOI : 10.1186/2041-9139-3-14
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01456317

Y. Okada, On the Development of a Hexactinellid Sponge, Farrea Sollasii'. (J Fac Sci Imp Univ Tokyo, 1928.

S. P. Leys, The Choanosome of Hexactinellid Sponges, Invertebrate Biology, vol.118, issue.3, p.221, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/3226994

N. Boury-esnault, S. Efremova, C. Bézac, and J. Vacelet, Reproduction of a hexactinellid sponge: first description of gastrulation by cellular delamination in the Porifera, Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, vol.41, issue.3, pp.187-201, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/jmor.1052260302

J. Na, K. Lykke-andersen, T. Padilla, M. E. Zernicka-goetz, and M. , Dishevelled proteins regulate cell adhesion in mouse blastocyst and serve to monitor changes in Wnt signaling, Developmental Biology, vol.302, issue.1, pp.40-49, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.036
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.036

A. H. Wikramanayake, An ancient role for nuclear ??-catenin in the evolution of axial polarity and germ layer segregation, Nature, vol.426, issue.6965, pp.446-450, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02113

E. S. Chang, Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.14912-14917, 2015.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2105-15-293

C. P. Petersen and P. W. Reddien, Wnt Signaling and the Polarity of the Primary Body Axis, Cell, vol.139, issue.6, pp.1056-1068, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.035

E. U. Canning and B. Okamura, Biodiversity and Evolution of the Myxozoa, Adv. Parasitol, vol.56, pp.43-131, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-308X(03)56002-X

M. Molenaar, XTcf-3 Transcription Factor Mediates ??-Catenin-Induced Axis Formation in Xenopus Embryos, Cell, vol.86, issue.3, pp.391-399, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80112-9

C. S. Theisen, J. K. Wahl, K. R. Johnson, and M. J. Wheelock, NHERF Links the N-Cadherin/Catenin Complex to the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor to Modulate the Actin Cytoskeleton and Regulate Cell Motility, Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.273, issue.4, pp.1220-1232, 2007.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.273.40.25856
URL : http://www.molbiolcell.org/content/18/4/1220.full.pdf

R. L. Tatusov, The COG database: an updated version includes eukaryotes, BMC Bioinformatics, vol.4, issue.1, p.41, 2003.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2105-4-41

. The-wnt-homepage, Available at: http://web.stanford, p.11, 2017.

S. Blanchoud, K. Rutherford, L. Zondag, N. Gemmell, and M. J. Wilson, De novo draft assembly of the Botrylloides leachii genome provides further insight into tunicate evolution. bioRxiv 152983 https, p.152983, 2017.
DOI : 10.1038/s41598-018-23749-w
URL : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23749-w

M. Almuedo-castillo, M. Sureda-gómez, and T. Adell, Wnt signaling in planarians: new answers to old questions, The International Journal of Developmental Biology, vol.56, issue.1-2-3, pp.53-65, 2012.
DOI : 10.1387/ijdb.113451ma
URL : http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/descarga/paper/113451ma

S. A. Elliott, Studies of Conserved Cell-Cell Signaling Pathways in the Planarian, Schmidtea Mediterranea:: IR -Theses & Dissertations 3, 2016.

K. M. Cadigan, M. L. Waterman, and . Tcf, TCF/LEFs and Wnt Signaling in the Nucleus, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol.4, issue.11, 2012.
DOI : 10.1101/cshperspect.a007906
URL : http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/4/11/a007906.full.pdf

N. Riddiford and P. D. Olson, Wnt gene loss in flatworms, Development Genes and Evolution, vol.14, issue.4, pp.187-197, 2011.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.59

H. Sawa and H. C. Korswagen, Wnt signaling in C. elegans, WormBook, issue.2, 2013.
DOI : 10.1895/wormbook.1.7.2

U. Technau, Maintenance of ancestral complexity and non-metazoan genes in two basal cnidarians, Trends in Genetics, vol.21, issue.12, pp.633-639, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tig.2005.09.007