K. K. Arkema, G. Guannel, G. Verutes, S. A. Wood, A. Guerry et al., Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea-level rise and storms, Nature Climate Change, vol.55, issue.10, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nclimate1791

D. Balk, M. R. Montgomery, G. Mcgranahan, D. Kim, V. Mara et al., Mapping urban settlements and the risks of climate change in Africa, Asia and south America, Population Dynamics and Climate Change, pp.80-103, 2009.

D. A. Barone, S. C. Farrell, R. V. Koch, B. S. Howard, and M. H. Gruver, Beach-dune System Susceptibility Assessment, Long Beach Island, Ocean County, New Jersey . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Coastal Services Center, 2009.

E. C. Bird, Coastline Changes, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0037-0738(93)90012-T

E. H. Boak and I. L. Turner, Shoreline Definition and Detection: A Review, Journal of Coastal Research, vol.214, issue.4, 2005.
DOI : 10.2112/03-0071.1

D. M. Bush, W. J. Neal, R. S. Young, and O. H. Pilkey, Utilization of geoindicators for rapid assessment of coastal-hazard risk and mitigation, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.42, issue.8, pp.647-670, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0964-5691(99)00027-7

B. Castelle, V. Marieu, S. Bujan, K. D. Splinter, A. Robinet et al., Impact of the winter 2013e2014 series of severe Western Europe storms on a double-barred sandy coast: beach and dune erosion and megacusp em- bayments, Geomorphology, vol.238, issue.135, 2015.

E. Chauveau, C. Chadenas, B. Comentale, P. Pottier, A. Blanloeil et al., Xynthia: lessons of a disaster, Cybergeo, 2011.
DOI : 10.2307/2333282

A. Cr-each, S. Pardo, G. Guillotreau, and D. Mercier, The use of a micro-scale index to identify potential death risk due to coastal flood surges: lessons from Storm Xynthia on the French Atlantic coast, Nat. Hazards, vol.77, issue.3, 2015.

O. A. Dada, G. Li, L. Qiao, D. Ding, Y. Ma et al., Seasonal shoreline behaviours along the arcuate Niger Delta coast: Complex interaction between fluvial and marine processes, Continental Shelf Research, vol.122, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csr.2016.03.002

F. Debaine and M. Robin, A new GIS modelling of coastal dune protection services against physical coastal hazards, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.63, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.03.012

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01104806

P. Deboudt, J. C. Dauvin, and O. Lozachmeur, Recent developments in coastal zone management in France: the transition towards integrated coastal zone management, 212e228, 1973.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00481060

P. Deboudt, Towards coastal risk management in France, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.53, issue.7, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.04.013

D. Rio, L. Gracia, F. J. Benavente, and J. , Shoreline change patterns in sandy coasts. A case study in SW Spain. Geomorphology 196, 252e266, 2012.

E. Dickson, J. L. Baker, D. Hoornweg, and A. Tiwari, Urban Risk Assessments: Understanding Disaster and Climate Risk in Cities Urban development seriesrisk-assessments-understanding-disaster-climate-risk-cities, 2012.
DOI : 10.1596/978-0-8213-8962-1

R. K. Dowling and C. Pforr, Coastal Tourism Development, Tourism Dynamics, 2009.

. Geos-dhi, Etude de connaissance des ph enom enes d' erosion sur le littoral vend een, 2008.

L. Gouguet, Les dunes domaniales jouent un r^ ole de digue en Centre- Atlantique : un nouveau regard sur la gestion. Rendez-vous techniques -Office National des For^ ets, pp.20110524-080057, 2011.

E. A. Himmelstoss, DSAS 4.0 installation Instructions and user guide, 2009.

J. Jr, C. W. Alexander, C. R. Bush, and D. M. , Application of the AMBUR R package for spatio-temporal analysis of shoreline change: Jekyll Island, Comput. Geosci, vol.41, 2012.

M. Juigner, M. Robin, P. Fattal, M. Maanan, C. Le-guern et al., Cin ematique d'une trait de c^ ote sableux en Vend ee entre, pp.29-39, 1920.

S. P. Leatherman, K. Zhang, and B. C. Douglas, Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.73, issue.6, pp.55-57, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/97EO00248

L. Berre, I. Maulpoix, A. Th-eriault, M. Gourmelon, and F. , A probabilistic model of residential urban development along the French Atlantic coast between, Land Use Policy, vol.50, issue.461, 1968.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01214935

N. Len^-otre, P. Thierry, D. Batkowski, and F. Vermeersch, PC-52864-FR) Bureau de Recherches G eologiques et Mini eres. https://data.europa.eu/euodp/fi/data/dataset/data_ geomorphology-geology-erosion-trends-and-coastal-defence-works/resource, EUROSION Project the Coastal Erosion Layer WP 2.6 (BRGM, pp.74-54, 2004.

T. Mann and H. Westphal, Multi-decadal shoreline changes on Tak?? Atoll, Papua New Guinea: Observational evidence of early reef island recovery after the impact of storm waves, Geomorphology, vol.257, issue.75, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.12.028

M. Marignani, D. Bruschi, A. Garcia, D. Frondoni, R. Carli et al., Identification and prioritization of areas with high environmental risk in Mediterranean coastal areas: A flexible approach, Science of The Total Environment, vol.590, issue.591, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.221

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01533506

. Minist-ere-de-l-'ecologie and . Eveloppement-durable-et-de-l-'energie, Strat egie nationale de gestion int egr ee du trait de c^ ote -Vers la relocalisation des activit es et des biens, 2012.

D. and L. Connaissance, observation du trait de c^ ote Contribution nationale pour une gestion int egr ee, 2016.

J. Moussaid, A. Fora, A. Zourarah, B. Maanan, M. Maanan et al., Using automatic computation to analyze the rate of shoreline change on the Kenitra coast, Morocco, Ocean Engineering, vol.102, pp.71-77, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.04.044

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185540

P. Narra, C. Coelho, F. Sancho, and J. Palalane, CERA: An open-source tool for coastal erosion risk assessment, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.142, issue.1, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.03.013

R. J. Nicholls and A. Cazenave, Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones, Science, vol.91, issue.1-2, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10584-008-9424-y

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00991281

M. J. Olsen, A. P. Young, and S. A. Ashford, TopCAT -Topographical Compartment analysis tool to analyse seacliff and beach change in GIS, Comput. Geosci, vol.45, issue.284, 2012.

P. A. Pirazzoli, Donn ees pour dimensionnement des structures c^ oti eres et des ouvrages de bord de mer a longue ech eance, projet DISCOBOLE, 2007.

C. , L. De-g-eographie-physique, and P. Pottier, Probl ematique et enjeux de l'urbanisation du littoral, L'espace littoral de la Loire-Atlantique, pp.241-261, 2007.

B. Romano and F. Zullo, The urban transformation of Italy's Adriatic coastal strip: Fifty years of unsustainability. Land Use policy 38, 26e36, 2014.

B. Romano, A. Marucci, F. Zullo, L. Fiorini, and S. Ciab-o, Urban pressure and planning management for Italian coastal areas (online), Sixth International Symposium . Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas : Problems and Measurement Techniques: Livorno (Italy), pp.285-298, 2016.

P. Ruggiero, M. G. Kratzmann, E. A. Himmelstoss, D. Reid, J. Allan et al., National assessment of shoreline change e historical shoreline change along the Pacific Northwest coast. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of, pp.2012-1007, 1007.

C. Small and R. J. Nicholls, A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones, J. Coast. Res, vol.19, issue.3, pp.584-599, 2003.

P. F. Valdor, A. G. Omez, V. Velarde, and A. Puente, Can a GIS toolbox assess the environmental risk of oil spills? Implementation for oil facilities in harbors, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.170, issue.105, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.012

J. M. Zaninetti, L'urbanisation du littoral en France, Population & Avenir, vol.677, issue.2, pp.4-8, 2006.
DOI : 10.3917/popav.677.0004