R. Aerts, Climate, Leaf Litter Chemistry and Leaf Litter Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Triangular Relationship, Oikos, vol.79, issue.3, pp.439-449, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/3546886

U. Babel, Gliederung und beschreibung des humusprofils in mittelfurop??ischen w??ldern, Geoderma, vol.5, issue.4, pp.297-324, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7061(71)90041-3

L. Bal, Zoological Ripening of Soils, 1982.

R. D. Bardgett, M. B. Usher, and D. W. Hopkins, Biological Diversity and Function in Soils, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511541926

B. Berg and C. Mcclaugherty, Plant Litter: Decomposition, Humus Formation, Carbon Sequestration, 2014.

N. Bernier and J. F. Ponge, Humus form dynamics during the sylvogenetic cycle in a mountain spruce forest, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.26, issue.2, pp.183-220, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-0717(94)90161-9

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00506004

M. Blouin, M. E. Hodson, E. A. Delgado, G. Baker, L. Brussaard et al., A review of earthworm impact on soil function and ecosystem services, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.31, issue.2, pp.161-182, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00025-5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00818329

C. H. Bornebusch, The fauna of forest soil, Forstl. Forsøgsv. Danmark, vol.11, pp.1-244, 1930.

A. Brêthes, J. J. Brun, B. Jabiol, J. F. Ponge, and F. Toutain, Classification of forest humus forms: a French proposal, Annales des Sciences Foresti??res, vol.52, issue.6, pp.535-546, 1995.
DOI : 10.1051/forest:19950602

A. Brauman, Effect of gut transit and mound deposit on soil organic matter transformations in the soil feeding termite: A review, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.36, issue.3-4, pp.117-125, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1164-5563(00)01058-X

G. Broll, H. J. Brauckmann, M. Overesch, B. Junge, C. Erber et al., Topsoil characterization???recommendations for revision and expansion of the FAO-Draft (1998) with emphasis on humus forms and biological features, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol.34, issue.3, pp.453-461, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/jpln.200521961

G. G. Brown, I. Barois, and P. Lavelle, Regulation of soil organic matter dynamics and microbial activityin the drilosphere and the role of interactionswith other edaphic functional domains, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.36, issue.3-4, pp.177-198, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1164-5563(00)01062-1

M. Clarholm, Interactions of bacteria, protozoa and plants leading to mineralization of soil nitrogen, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.17, issue.2, pp.181-187, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-0717(85)90113-0

D. Cluzeau and L. Fayolle, Impacts sur les lombriciens des traitements pesticides, en particulier cupriques: dans le vignoble champenois, C.R. Acad. Agric. Fr, vol.74, pp.109-117, 1988.

L. Cole, R. D. Bardgett, P. Ineson, and P. J. Hobbs, Enchytraeid worm (Oligochaeta) influences on microbial community structure, nutrient dynamics and plant growth in blanket peat subjected to warming, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.34, issue.1, pp.83-92, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00159-6

C. Darwin, 1881. The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms with some Observations on Their Habits

G. Dell-'agnola and S. Nardi, Hormone-like effect and enhanced nitrate uptake induced by depolycondensed humic fractions obtained from Allolobophoru rosea and A. caliginosa faeces, Biol. Fert. Soils, vol.4, pp.115-118, 1987.

V. V. Dokuchaev, The Zones of Russia, Akademy Nauk, 1889.

P. Duchaufour, Précis de Pédologie, 1960.

A. H. Fitter and J. Garbaye, Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms, Plant and Soil, vol.67, issue.1, pp.123-132, 1994.
DOI : 10.1139/b89-003

R. N. Green, R. L. Trowbridge, and K. Klinka, Towards a taxonomic classification of humus forms, For. Sci. Monogr, vol.29, pp.1-49, 1993.

H. Hesselmann, Studier över barrskogens humustäcke: dess egenskaper och boroende av skogsvården, Medd. Statens Skogsförsöksanst, vol.22, pp.169-552, 1926.

I. Working and W. R. Group, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps FAO, 2015.

B. Jabiol, A. Zanella, M. Englisch, H. Hager, K. Katzensteiner et al., Towards a European classification of terrestrial humus forms, pp.4-12, 2004.

J. Op-akkerhuis and G. A. , Analysing hierarchy in the organization of biological and physical systems, Biological Reviews, vol.80, issue.0, pp.1-12, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-318750-5.50011-8

H. Jenny, Factors of Soil Formation, Soil Science, vol.52, issue.5, 1941.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-194111000-00009

A. Jongerius and L. J. Pons, Soil genesis in organic soils, Boor Spade, vol.12, pp.156-177, 1962.

L. Brown and A. , Ecology of Soil Organisms, 1978.

M. Levesque, H. Dinel, and R. Marcoux, EVALUATION DES CRIT??RES DE DIFF??RENCIATION POUR LA CLASSIFICATION DE 92 MAT??RIAUX TOURBEUX DU QU??BEC ET DE L???ONTARIO, Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol.60, issue.3, pp.479-486, 1980.
DOI : 10.4141/cjss80-053

P. E. Müller, Recherches sur les formes naturelles de l'humus et leur influence sur la végétation et le sol, 1889.

G. Marcuzzi, La fauna del suolo e il suo significato nel processo di umificazione della lettiera, 1970.

A. Martin and J. C. Marinissen, Biological and physico-chemical processes in excrements of soil animals, Geoderma, vol.56, issue.1-4, pp.331-347, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7061(93)90121-Z

P. Omodeo, Richerce zoologische sul Massiccio del Pollino (Lucania-Calabria). I. Oligocheti, 1950.

M. G. Paoletti, Soil Invertebrates in cultivated and uncultivated soils in northeastern Italy, Redia, vol.71, pp.501-563, 1988.

A. Piccolo, Humic Substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems, 1996.

A. Piccolo, THE SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES, Soil Science, vol.166, issue.11, pp.810-832, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-200111000-00007

J. F. Ponge, A. Zanella, G. Sartori, and B. Jabiol, Terrestrial humus forms: ecological relevance and classification. https://hal.archives-ouvertes, p.521337, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00521337

J. F. Ponge, Utilisation de la micromorphologie pour l'étude des relations trophiques dans le sol: la couche L d'un moder hydromorphe sous Pinus sylvestris (Forêt d, Bull. Ecol, vol.16, pp.117-132, 1985.

J. F. Ponge, Humus forms in terrestrial ecosystems: a framework to biodiversity, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.35, issue.7, pp.935-945, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00149-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00498465

J. F. Ponge, Emergent properties from organisms to ecosystems: towards a realistic approach, Biological Reviews, vol.16, issue.03, pp.403-411, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.31.1.24

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00363746

J. F. Ponge, The soil as an ecosystem, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.80, issue.6, pp.645-648, 2015.
DOI : 10.2307/1930070

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01183395

J. E. Satchell, Earthworm Ecology: from Darwin to Vermiculture, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-5965-1

R. W. Sterner and J. J. Elser, Ecological Stoichiometry: the Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere, 2002.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400885695

F. J. Stevenson, Role and Function of Humus in Soil with Emphasis on Adsorption of Herbicides and Chelation of Micronutrients, BioScience, vol.22, issue.11, pp.643-650, 1972.
DOI : 10.2307/1296265

F. J. Stevenson, Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions, 1994.

F. Toutain, Les humus forestiers ; structures et modes de fonctionnement, Revue Foresti??re Fran??aise, vol.33, issue.6, pp.449-477, 1981.
DOI : 10.4267/2042/21533

S. J. Van-delft, R. W. De-waal, R. Kemmers, P. Mekkink, and J. Sevink, Field Guide of Humus Forms: Description and Classification of Humus Forms for Ecological Applications, Alterra, 2007.

M. G. Van-der-heijden, R. D. Bardgett, and N. M. Van-straalen, The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems, Ecology Letters, vol.80, issue.3, pp.296-310, 2008.
DOI : 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1858:MIATRO]2.0.CO;2

E. Von-mückenhausen, Entstehung, Eigenschaften und Systematik der Böden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. DLG, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1962.

H. D. Wall, Soil Ecology and Ecosystems Services, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575923.001.0001

J. A. Wallwork, Ecology of Soil Animals, 1970.

A. Zanella, M. Englisch, B. Jabiol, K. Katzensteiner, B. Van-delft et al., Towards a common humus form classification, a first European approach: few generic top soil references as functional units, 2006.

A. Zanella, B. Jabiol, J. F. Ponge, G. Sartori, R. De-waal et al., Toward a European Humus Forms Reference Base, Studi Trent. Sci. Nat, vol.85, pp.145-151, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00494615

A. Zanella, B. Jabiol, J. F. Ponge, G. Sartori, R. De-waal et al., A European morpho-functional classification of humus forms, Geoderma, vol.164, issue.3-4, pp.138-145, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.05.016

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00611772