N. Abner, K. Cooperrider, and S. Goldin-meadow, Gesture for Linguists: A Handy Primer, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol.36, issue.2, pp.437-451, 2015.
DOI : 10.1075/z.101

M. W. Alibali and M. J. Nathan, Embodiment in Mathematics Teaching and Learning: Evidence From Learners' and Teachers' Gestures, Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol.28, issue.9, pp.247-286, 2011.
DOI : 10.3102/0013189X028009004

L. W. Barsalou, Grounded Cognition, Annual Review of Psychology, vol.59, issue.1, pp.617-645, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639

L. W. Barsalou, Simulation, situated conceptualization, and prediction, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.135, issue.1, pp.1281-12890319, 2008.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.1
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666716/pdf

L. W. Barsalou, D. Pecher, R. Zeelenberg, W. K. Simmons, S. B. Hamann et al., Multimodal Simulation in Conceptual Processing Categorization inside and Outside the Lab: Essays in Honor of Douglas L. Medin Available online at: http://psychology.emory Teaching moral reasoning through gesture, Dev. Sci, vol.5, issue.17, pp.984-990, 2005.

S. Berney, M. Bétrancourt, G. Molinari, and N. Hoyek, How spatial abilities and dynamic visualizations interplay when learning functional anatomy with 3D anatomical models, Anatomical Sciences Education, vol.25, issue.5, pp.452-462, 2015.
DOI : 10.1080/09500690210126784

B. Bolker, H. Skaug, A. Magnusson, and A. Nielsen, Getting Started with the glmmADMB Package, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2012.

A. M. Borghi and D. Pecher, Introduction to the Special Topic Embodied and Grounded Cognition, Frontiers in Psychology, vol.2, 2011.
DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00187

G. Buzsáki, The Hippocampo-Neocortical Dialogue, Cerebral Cortex, vol.6, issue.2, pp.81-92, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/6.2.81

D. Casasanto and K. Dijkstra, Motor action and emotional memory, Cognition, vol.115, issue.1, pp.179-185, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.11.002

R. H. Christensen, R. B. Church, S. Ayman-nolley, and S. Mahootian, Ordinal?Regression Models for Ordinal Data Available online at: https://cran.r-project.org The role of gesture in bilingual education: does gesture enhance learning?, Int. J. Biling. Educ. Biling, vol.7, pp.303-319, 1080.

R. B. Church and S. Goldin-meadow, The mismatch between gesture and speech as an index of transitional knowledge, Cognition, vol.23, issue.1, pp.43-71, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(86)90053-3

A. Clark, An embodied cognitive science?, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.3, issue.9, pp.345-351, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01361-3

J. Colletta, R. N. Kunene, A. Venouil, V. Kaufmann, and J. Simon, Multi-track Annotation of Child Language and Gestures, pp.54-72, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-74997-4_10

S. W. Cook, S. Goldin-meadow, S. W. Cook, R. G. Duffy, and K. M. Fenn, The Role of Gesture in Learning: Do Children Use Their Hands to Change Their Minds?, Journal of Cognition and Development, vol.10, issue.2, pp.211-232, 2006.
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog2804_5

S. W. Cook, Z. Mitchell, and S. Goldin-meadow, Gesturing makes learning last, Cognition, vol.106, issue.2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.010

S. W. Cook, T. K. Yip, and S. Goldin-meadow, Gesturing makes memories that last, Journal of Memory and Language, vol.63, issue.4, pp.465-475, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jml.2010.07.002

I. Cutica, F. Ianì, and M. Bucciarelli, Learning from text benefits from enactment, Memory & Cognition, vol.123, issue.7, pp.1026-1037, 2014.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162

K. A. Dickson and B. W. Stephens, It's all in the mime: Actions speak louder than words when teaching the cranial nerves, Anatomical Sciences Education, vol.3, issue.6, pp.584-592, 2015.
DOI : 10.7899/1042-5055-24.2.153

S. Diekelmann and J. And-born, The memory function of sleep, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.1156, pp.114-126, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn895

S. Fischer, S. Drosopoulos, J. Tsen, and J. And-born, Implicit Learning???Explicit Knowing: A Role for Sleep in Memory System Interaction, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.88, issue.3, pp.311-319, 2006.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-7393.15.6.1047

A. M. Glenberg and M. P. Kaschak, Grounding language in action, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, vol.24, issue.3, pp.558-565, 2002.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.24.3.830
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00194100

S. Goldin-meadow, A. , and M. W. , Gesture's Role in Speaking, Learning, and Creating Language, Annual Review of Psychology, vol.64, issue.1, pp.257-283, 2013.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143802

S. Goldin-meadow and S. L. Beilock, Action???s Influence on Thought: The Case of Gesture, Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol.28, issue.6, pp.664-674, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/01638539909545070

S. Goldin-meadow, S. Kim, and M. Singer, What the teacher's hands tell the student's mind about math., Journal of Educational Psychology, vol.91, issue.4, 1999.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-0663.91.4.720

S. Goldin-meadow, S. C. Levine, E. Zinchenko, T. K. Yip, N. Hemani et al., Doing gesture promotes learning a mental transformation task better than seeing gesture, Developmental Science, vol.68, issue.1, pp.876-884, 2012.
DOI : 10.1006/nimg.2002.1290

M. Gullberg, Some reasons for studying gesture and second language acquisition (Hommage ?? Adam Kendon), IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, vol.11, issue.2, pp.103-124, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/02687039708250455

E. A. Gunderson, E. Spaepen, D. Gibson, S. Goldin-meadow, and S. C. Levine, Gesture as a window onto children???s number knowledge, Cognition, vol.144, pp.14-28, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.07.008

C. R. Hall, M. , and K. A. , Measuring movement imagery abilities: a revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire, J. Ment. Imagery, vol.21, pp.143-154, 1997.

K. L. Harman, G. K. Humphrey, and M. A. Goodale, Active manual control of object views facilitates visual recognition, Current Biology, vol.9, issue.22, pp.1315-1318, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)80053-6

S. L. Hornstein and N. W. Mulligan, Memory for actions: Enactment and source memory, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, vol.14, issue.2, pp.367-372, 2004.
DOI : 10.1162/089892902317361921

A. B. Hostetter, A. , and M. W. , When do gestures communicate? A meta-analysis., Psychological Bulletin, vol.137, issue.2, pp.297-315, 2008.
DOI : 10.1037/a0022128

T. Hothorn, F. Bretz, and P. Westfall, Simultaneous Inference in General Parametric Models, Biometrical Journal, vol.16, issue.3, pp.346-363, 2008.
DOI : 10.18637/jss.v016.i09

N. Hoyek, C. Collet, O. Rastello, P. Fargier, P. Thiriet et al., Enhancement of Mental Rotation Abilities and Its Effect on Anatomy Learning, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, vol.1, issue.3, pp.201-206, 1080.
DOI : 10.1007/s10459-006-9021-7

F. T. Hu, P. Ginns, and J. Bobis, Getting the point: Tracing worked examples enhances learning, Learning and Instruction, vol.35, pp.85-93, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.10.002

R. Huber, F. Ghilardi, M. Massimini, M. Tononi, G. T. Vasc et al., Local sleep and learning Embodied cognition: challenges for psychology and education, Nature Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci, vol.430, issue.128, pp.78-81, 2004.

J. M. Iverson and S. Goldin-meadow, Gesture Paves the Way for Language Development, Psychological Science, vol.49, issue.1, pp.367-371, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jml.2004.01.002

K. H. James, G. K. Humphrey, M. Goodale, and A. , Manipulating and recognizing virtual objects: Where the action is., Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie exp??rimentale, vol.55, issue.2, pp.111-120, 2001.
DOI : 10.1037/h0087358

D. Ji and M. A. Wilson, Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep, Nature Neuroscience, vol.13, issue.1, pp.100-107, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.028

S. D. Kelly, S. M. Manning, R. , and S. , Gesture Gives a Hand to Language and Learning: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, Developmental Psychology and Education, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol.44, issue.5), 2008.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03194028

A. Kendon, Gesticulation and Speech: Two Aspects of the Process of Utterance, The Relationship of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication, pp.207-227, 1980.
DOI : 10.1515/9783110813098.207

C. Kontra, S. Goldin-meadow, and S. L. Beilock, Embodied Learning Across the Life Span, Topics in Cognitive Science, vol.18, issue.4, pp.731-739, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01605.x

N. Landmann, M. Kuhn, H. Piosczyk, B. Feige, C. Baglioni et al., The reorganisation of memory during sleep, Sleep Medicine Reviews, vol.18, issue.6, pp.531-541, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.005

H. Lausberg and H. Sloetjes, Coding gestural behavior with the NEUROGES-ELAN system, Behavior Research Methods, vol.26, issue.3, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/0028-3932(88)90109-1

H. Lee and C. Wallraven, Exploiting object constancy: effects of active exploration and shape morphing on similarity judgments of novel objects, Experimental Brain Research, vol.9, issue.7, pp.277-289, 2013.
DOI : 10.1167/9.7.6

V. I. Levenshtein, Binary Codes Capable of Correcting Deletions, Insertions, and Reversals, 1966.

C. H. Liu, J. Ward, and H. Markall, The role of active exploration of 3D face stimuli on recognition memory of facial information., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.33, issue.4, pp.895-904, 2007.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.33.4.895

G. D. Logan, Toward an instance theory of automatization., Psychological Review, vol.95, issue.4, pp.492-527, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.95.4.492

J. Lorant, N. , and A. , Validation de la traduction francaise du Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised (MIQ-R); Validation of the French translation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised (MIQ-R), Science Motricite Paris, vol.53, pp.57-68, 2004.

L. Macken and P. Ginns, Pointing and tracing gestures may enhance anatomy and physiology learning, Medical Teacher, vol.44, issue.7, pp.596-601, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03498.x

S. G. Mccafferty, Space for cognition: gesture and second language learning, International Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol.7, issue.1, pp.148-165, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01260-0

N. Mcneill, M. Alibali, and J. Evans, The role of gesture in children's comprehension of spoken language: now they need it, now they don't, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol.24, issue.2, pp.131-150, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1006657929803

D. Mcneill, Action, thought and language, Cognition, vol.10, issue.1-3, pp.201-208, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(81)90047-0

D. Mcneill, Hand and Mind, 1992.
DOI : 10.1515/semi.1993.95.1-2.5

F. Meijer and R. H. Van-der-lubbe, Active exploration improves perceptual sensitivity for virtual 3D objects in visual recognition tasks, Vision Research, vol.51, issue.23-24, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.visres.2011.09.013

B. New, C. Pallier, L. Ferrand, and R. Matos, Une base de donn??es lexicales du fran??ais contemporain sur internet : LEXIQUE???//A lexical database for contemporary french : LEXIQUE???, L'ann??e psychologique, vol.101, issue.3, pp.447-4621341, 2001.
DOI : 10.3406/psy.2001.1341

M. Novack and S. Goldin-meadow, Learning from Gesture: How Our Hands Change Our Minds, Educational Psychology Review, vol.18, issue.3, pp.405-412, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.09.009

C. S. Oh, H. S. Won, K. J. Kim, and D. S. Jang, ???Digit anatomy???: A new technique for learning anatomy using motor memory, Anatomical Sciences Education, vol.3, issue.3, pp.132-141, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/ase.173

P. Peigneux, S. Laureys, S. Fuchs, F. Collette, F. Perrin et al., Are Spatial Memories Strengthened in the Human Hippocampus during Slow Wave Sleep?, Neuron, vol.44, issue.3, pp.535-545, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.007

M. Peters, B. Laeng, K. Latham, M. Jackson, R. Zaiyouna et al., A Redrawn Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotations Test - Different Versions and Factors That Affect Performance, Brain and Cognition, vol.28, issue.1, pp.39-58, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/brcg.1995.1032

R. M. Ping and S. Goldin-meadow, Hands in the air: Using ungrounded iconic gestures to teach children conservation of quantity., Developmental Psychology, vol.44, issue.5, 2008.
DOI : 10.1037/0012-1649.44.5.1277

W. Plihal and J. And-born, Effects of Early and Late Nocturnal Sleep on Declarative and Procedural Memory, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.68, issue.2, pp.534-547, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8036517

R. Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, 2015.

R. Development and C. Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2016.

B. Rasch and J. And-born, About Sleep's Role in Memory, Physiological Reviews, vol.93, issue.2, pp.681-766, 2013.
DOI : 10.1152/physrev.00032.2012

B. Rasch, C. Büchel, S. Gais, and J. And-born, Odor Cues During Slow-Wave Sleep Prompt Declarative Memory Consolidation, Science, vol.315, issue.5817, pp.1426-1429, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1138581

F. H. Rauscher, R. M. Krauss, C. , and Y. , Gesture, Speech, and Lexical Access: The Role of Lexical Movements in Speech Production, Psychological Science, vol.4, issue.4, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5371(65)80097-4

M. L. Rowe and S. Goldin-meadow, Differences in Early Gesture Explain SES Disparities in Child Vocabulary Size at School Entry, Science, vol.7, issue.4, pp.951-953, 2009.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.539

T. Sasaoka, N. Asakura, and T. Kawahara, Effect of Active Exploration of 3-D Object Views on the View-Matching Process in Object Recognition, Perception, vol.24, issue.3, pp.289-308, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00032-8

A. E. Skinder-meredith, Innovative activities for teaching anatomy of speech production, Anatomical Sciences Education, vol.1, issue.5, pp.234-243, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/0000000000000000000a

A. Skulmowski, S. Pradel, T. Kühnert, G. Brunnett, R. et al., Embodied learning using a tangible user interface: The effects of haptic perception and selective pointing on a spatial learning task, Computers & Education, vol.92, issue.93, pp.92-93, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.011

M. Smithson and J. Verkuilen, A better lemon squeezer? Maximum-likelihood regression with beta-distributed dependent variables., Psychological Methods, vol.11, issue.1, 2006.
DOI : 10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.54

K. Sugand, P. Abrahams, and A. Khurana, The anatomy of anatomy: A review for its modernization, Anatomical Sciences Education, vol.28, issue.Part 2, pp.83-93, 2010.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00010

C. Trofatter, C. Kontra, S. Beilock, and S. Goldin-meadow, Gesturing has a larger impact on problem-solving than action, even when action is accompanied by words, Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, vol.6, issue.3, pp.251-260, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00786.x

L. K. Tyler, E. A. Stamatakis, E. Dick, P. Bright, P. Fletcher et al., Objects and their actions: evidence for a neurally distributed semantic system, NeuroImage, vol.18, issue.2, pp.542-557, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00047-2

L. Valenzeno, M. W. Alibali, and R. Klatzky, Teachers??? gestures facilitate students??? learning: A lesson in symmetry, Contemporary Educational Psychology, vol.28, issue.2, pp.187-204, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0361-476X(02)00007-3

S. G. Vandenberg and A. R. Kuse, Mental Rotations, a Group Test of Three-Dimensional Spatial Visualization, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol.6, issue.2, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01066180

F. J. Varela, E. Thompson, and E. Rosch, L'inscription Corporelle de l'esprit : Sciences Cognitives et Expérience Humaine, 1993.

R. Versace, G. T. Vallet, B. Riou, M. Lesourd, E. Labeye et al., Act-In: An integrated view of memory mechanisms, Journal of Cognitive Psychology, vol.21, issue.3, pp.280-306, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.06.002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01598124

M. Wexler, S. M. Kosslyn, and A. Berthoz, Motor processes in mental rotation, Cognition, vol.68, issue.1, pp.77-94, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00032-8
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00000099

M. Wilson, Six views of embodied cognition, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, vol.28, issue.4, pp.625-636, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/01638539909545070

M. A. Wilson and B. L. Mcnaughton, Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep, Science, vol.265, issue.5172, pp.5-8, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8036517

A. C. Zumwalt, R. S. Lufler, J. Monteiro, K. Shaffer, R. S. Luefler et al., Building the body: Active learning laboratories that emphasize practical aspects of anatomy and integration with radiology, Anatomical Sciences Education, vol.12, pp.134-140, 2010.
DOI : 10.3109/02841859309173271