R. Pearl, The rate of living, 1928.

J. Speakman, Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.208, issue.9, pp.1717-1747, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.01556

URL : http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/208/9/1717.full.pdf

J. Brown, J. Gillooly, A. Allen, V. Savage, and G. West, TOWARD A METABOLIC THEORY OF ECOLOGY, Ecology, vol.85, issue.7, pp.1771-89, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.012579799

D. Glazier, Is metabolic rate a universal ???pacemaker??? for biological processes?, Biological Reviews, vol.279, issue.197-212, pp.377-407, 2015.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2011.2000

M. Hamilton, A. Davidson, R. Sibly, and J. Brown, Universal scaling of production rates across mammalian lineages, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.251, issue.4, pp.560-566, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00594.x

URL : http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/278/1705/560.full.pdf

E. Dubman, M. Collard, and A. Mooers, Evidence that gestation duration and lactation duration are coupled traits in primates, Biology Letters, vol.177, issue.1, pp.10-13, 2012.
DOI : 10.1086/657435

URL : http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/8/6/998.full.pdf

R. Sibly, J. Grady, C. Venditti, and J. Brown, How body mass and lifestyle affect juvenile biomass production in placental mammals, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.278, issue.1720, pp.1-7, 2014.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2011.0047

URL : http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/281/1777/20132818.full.pdf

J. Millar, ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF MAMMALIAN REPRODUCTION, Evolution, vol.15, issue.15, pp.370-86, 1977.
DOI : 10.4098/AT.arch.70-5

P. Lee, P. Majluf, and I. Gordon, Growth, weaning and maternal investment from a comparative perspective, Journal of Zoology, vol.70, issue.1, pp.99-114, 1991.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511608551

R. Sibly and J. Brown, Effects of body size and lifestyle on evolution of mammal life histories, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.84, issue.5941, pp.17707-17719, 2007.
DOI : 10.1890/02-9002

J. Gittleman and S. Thompson, Energy Allocation in Mammalian Reproduction, American Zoologist, vol.28, issue.3, pp.863-75, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/28.3.863

V. Hayssen, Empirical and Theoretical Constraints on the Evolution of Lactation, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.76, issue.10, pp.3213-3246, 1993.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77659-6

T. Clutton-brock, S. Albon, and F. Guinness, Fitness costs of gestation and lactation in wild mammals, Nature, vol.1, issue.6204, pp.260-262, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-9909-5_10

J. Weiner, Metabolic constraints to mammalian energy budgets, Acta Theriologica, vol.34, pp.3-35, 1989.
DOI : 10.4098/AT.arch.89-1

URL : http://rcin.org.pl/ibs/Content/9737/BI002_2613_Cz-40-2_Acta-T14-nr6-62-67_o.pdf

K. Hammond and J. Diamond, Maximal sustained energy budgets in humans and animals, Nature, vol.386, issue.6624, pp.457-62, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/386457a0

J. Speakman and E. Król, Limits to sustained energy intake. XIII. Recent progress and future perspectives, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.214, issue.2, pp.230-271, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.048603

J. Kirkwood, A limit to metabolisable energy intake in mammals and birds, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, vol.75, issue.1, pp.1-3, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0300-9629(83)90033-6

J. Weiner, Physiological limits to sustainable energy budgets in birds and mammals: Ecological implications, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.7, issue.11, pp.384-392, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(92)90009-Z

K. Blaxter, The comparative biology of lactation, Lactation. London: Butterworths, pp.51-69, 1971.

K. Hammond and J. Diamond, An Experimental Test for a Ceiling on Sustained Metabolic Rate in Lactating Mice, Physiological Zoology, vol.65, issue.5, pp.952-77, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/physzool.65.5.30158552

J. Speakman, The physiological costs of reproduction in small mammals, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.32, issue.1, pp.375-98, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114006

O. Oftedal, Use of maternal reserves as a lactation strategy in large mammals, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol.34, issue.01, pp.99-106, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.135.3498.104

G. Rogowitz, Trade-offs in Energy Allocation During Lactation, American Zoologist, vol.36, issue.2, pp.197-204, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/36.2.197

M. Hirshfield and D. Tinkle, Natural selection and the evolution of reproductive effort., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.72, issue.6, pp.2227-2258, 1975.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227

D. Glazier, Relationship between metabolic rate and energy expenditure for lactation in Peromyscus, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, vol.80, issue.4, pp.587-90, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90417-7

I. Gordon, The Interspecific Allometry of Reproduction: Do Larger Species Invest Relatively Less in Their Offspring?, Functional Ecology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.285-293, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/2389367

P. Langer, The phases of maternal investment in eutherian mammals, Zoology, vol.111, issue.2, pp.148-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.zool.2007.06.007

D. Glazier, Beyond the : variation in the intra- and interspecific scaling of metabolic rate in animals, Biological Reviews, vol.31, issue.8, pp.611-62, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ph.17.030155.002331

C. White, T. Blackburn, and R. Seymour, PHYLOGENETICALLY INFORMED ANALYSIS OF THE ALLOMETRY OF MAMMALIAN BASAL METABOLIC RATE SUPPORTS NEITHER GEOMETRIC NOR QUARTER-POWER SCALING, Evolution, vol.447, issue.10, pp.2658-67, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00156.x

J. Lemaître, D. Müller, and M. Clauss, A test of the metabolic theory of ecology with two longevity data sets reveals no common cause of scaling in biological times, Mammal Review, vol.82, issue.3-4, pp.204-218, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02030.x

M. Clauss, M. Dittmann, D. Müller, P. Zerbe, and D. Codron, Low scaling of a life history variable: Analysing eutherian gestation periods with and without phylogeny-informed statistics, Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift f??r S??ugetierkunde, vol.79, issue.1, pp.9-16, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mambio.2013.01.002

G. Jackson, A. Mooers, E. Dubman, J. Hutchen, and M. Collard, Basal metabolic rate and maternal energetic investment durations in mammals, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.164, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.018

URL : https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12862-014-0194-z?site=bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com

C. White and M. Kearney, Determinants of inter-specific variation in basal metabolic rate, Journal of Comparative Physiology B, vol.325, issue.1, pp.1-26, 2013.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1171949

J. Harte, THE VALUE OF NULL THEORIES IN ECOLOGY, Ecology, vol.85, issue.7, pp.1792-1796, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1066854

V. Hayssen and R. Lacy, Basal metabolic rates in mammals: Taxonomic differences in the allometry of BMR and body mass, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, vol.81, issue.4, pp.741-54, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90904-1

T. Kolokotrones, V. Savage, E. Deeds, and W. Fontana, Curvature in metabolic scaling, Nature, vol.4, issue.7289, pp.753-759, 2010.
DOI : 10.3733/hilg.v06n11p315

A. Clarke, P. Rothery, and N. Isaac, Scaling of basal metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in mammals, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.63, issue.3, pp.610-619, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00156.x

J. Bueno and A. López-urrutia, Scaling up the curvature of mammalian metabolism, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol.325, pp.1-13, 2014.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1171949

D. Cooper, J. Patience, R. Zijlstra, and M. Rademacher, Effect of nutrient intake in lactation on sow performance: determining the threonine requirement of the high-producing lactating sow., Journal of Animal Science, vol.79, issue.9, pp.2378-87, 2001.
DOI : 10.2527/2001.7992378x

J. Noblet and J. Perez, Prediction of digestibility of nutrients and energy values of pig diets from chemical analysis., Journal of Animal Science, vol.71, issue.12, pp.3389-98, 1993.
DOI : 10.2527/1993.71123389x

R. Sadleir, Energy consumption and subsequent partitioning in lactating black-tailed deer, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.60, issue.3, pp.382-388, 1982.
DOI : 10.1139/z82-051

N. Friggens, G. Emmans, I. Kyriazakis, J. Oldham, and M. Lewis, Feed Intake Relative to Stage of Lactation for Dairy Cows Consuming Total Mixed Diets with a High or Low Ratio of Concentrate to Forage, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.81, issue.8, pp.2228-2267, 1998.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75802-3

A. Rohatgi and . Webplotdigitizer, Available from: http://arohatgi, 2014.

V. Bertalanffy and L. , A quantitative theory of organic growth (inquiries on growth laws. II), Hum Biol, vol.10, pp.181-213, 1938.

R. Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

J. Hadfield, MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: The MCMCglmm R package, J Stat Softw, vol.33, pp.1-22, 2010.
DOI : 10.18637/jss.v033.i02

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.168.3132

J. Hadfield and S. Nakagawa, General quantitative genetic methods for comparative biology: phylogenies, taxonomies and multi-trait models for continuous and categorical characters, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.494-508, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/b98952

O. Bininda-emonds, M. Cardillo, K. Jones, R. Macphee, R. Beck et al., The delayed rise of present-day mammals, Nature, vol.1, issue.7135, pp.507-519, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0094837300012148

O. Bininda-emonds, M. Cardillo, K. Jones, R. Macphee, R. Beck et al., The delayed rise of present-day mammals, Nature, vol.446, issue.7219, p.274, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nature07347

M. Pagel, Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution, Nature, vol.401, issue.6756, pp.877-84, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/44766

D. Bates, M. Maechler, B. Bolker, S. Walker, R. Christensen et al., lme4: linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4, 2014.

S. Nakagawa and H. Schielzeth, from generalized linear mixed-effects models, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.22, issue.2, pp.133-175, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/sim.1572

J. Linzell, Milk yield, energy loss in milk, and mammary gland weight in different species, Dairy Sci Abstr, vol.34, pp.351-60, 1972.

A. Hanwell and M. Peaker, Physiological effects of lactation on the mother, Symp Zool Soc London, vol.41, pp.297-312, 1977.

W. Rauw, E. Kanis, E. Noordhuizen-stassen, and F. Grommers, Undesirable side effects of selection for high production efficiency in farm animals: a review, Livestock Production Science, vol.56, issue.1, pp.15-33, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00147-X

N. Friggens, P. Berg, P. Theilgaard, I. Korsgaard, K. Ingvartsen et al., Breed and Parity Effects on Energy Balance Profiles Through Lactation: Evidence of Genetically Driven Body Energy Change, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.90, issue.11, pp.5291-305, 2007.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.2007-0173

J. Speakman, E. Krol, and M. Johnson, The Functional Significance of Individual Variation in Basal Metabolic Rate, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, vol.77, issue.6, pp.900-915, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/427059

J. Marquardt, R. Horst, and N. Jorgensen, Effect of Parity on Dry Matter Intake at Parturition in Dairy Cattle, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.60, issue.6, pp.929-963, 1977.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83965-9

M. Johnson, S. Thomson, and J. Speakman, Limits to sustained energy intake. I. Lactation in the laboratory mouse Mus Musculus, J Exp Biol, pp.1925-1960, 1935.

D. Yang, L. Li, L. Wang, Q. Chi, C. Hambly et al., Limits to sustained energy intake. XIX. A test of the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.216, issue.17, pp.3358-68, 2013.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.085233

J. Künkele, Energetics of gestation relative to lactation in a precocial rodent, the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), Journal of Zoology, vol.58, issue.57, pp.533-542, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.001035

M. Adenuga, B. Tolkamp, A. Ademosun, G. Montsma, and B. Brouwer, Effect of pregnancy and lactation on liveweight, feed intake and feeding behavior in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats, Small Ruminant Research, vol.4, issue.3, pp.245-55, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0921-4488(91)90148-J

D. Müller, D. Codron, J. Werner, J. Fritz, J. Hummel et al., Dichotomy of eutherian reproduction and metabolism, Oikos, vol.63, issue.1, pp.102-117, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00747.x

O. Oftedal, Milk composition, milk yield and energy output at peak lactation: a comparative review, Symp Zool Soc London, vol.51, pp.33-85, 1984.

C. Taylor, Genetic differences in milk production in relation to mature body weight, Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972), vol.14, pp.15-26, 1973.
DOI : 10.1080/00015126609434169

D. Glazier, Metabolic Scaling in Complex Living Systems, Systems, vol.27, issue.4, pp.451-540, 2014.
DOI : 10.2307/3544249

W. Rauw, P. Luiting, R. Beilharz, M. Verstegen, and O. Vangen, Selection for litter size and its consequences for the allocation of feed resources: a concept and its implications illustrated by mice selection experiments, Livestock Production Science, vol.60, issue.2-3, pp.329-371, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00104-9

J. Speakman and E. Król, The Heat Dissipation Limit Theory and Evolution of Life Histories in Endotherms???Time to Dispose of the Disposable Soma Theory?, Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol.50, issue.5, pp.793-807, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/icq049

K. Hammond, M. Konarzewski, R. Torres, J. Diamond, and A. Hammond, Metabolic Ceilings under a Combination of Peak Energy Demands, Physiological Zoology, vol.67, issue.6, pp.1479-506, 1994.
DOI : 10.1086/physzool.67.6.30163908

D. Glazier, A unifying explanation for diverse metabolic scaling in animals and plants, Biological Reviews, vol.35, issue.1, pp.111-149, 2010.
DOI : 10.1515/9783110849974

S. Johnston, D. Souter, S. Erwin, B. Tolkamp, J. Yearsley et al., Associations between basal metabolic rate and reproductive performance in C57BL/6J mice, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.210, issue.1, pp.65-74, 2007.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.02625

URL : http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/210/1/65.full.pdf

T. Burton, S. Killen, J. Armstrong, and N. Metcalfe, What causes intraspecific variation in resting metabolic rate and what are its ecological consequences?, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.76, issue.7, pp.3465-73, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02582.x

URL : http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/278/1724/3465.full.pdf

C. Selman, S. Lumsden, L. Bünger, W. Hill, and J. Speakman, Resting metabolic rate and morphology in mice (Mus musculus) selected for high and low food intake, J Exp Biol, vol.204, pp.777-84, 2001.

J. Sadowska, A. Gebczynski, and M. Konarzewski, Basal metabolic rate is positively correlated with parental investment in laboratory mice, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.212, issue.16, p.7, 2013.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.029603

URL : http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/280/1753/20122576.full.pdf

L. Blueweiss, H. Fox, V. Kudzma, D. Nakashima, R. Peters et al., Relationships between body size and some life history parameters, Oecologia, vol.84, issue.2, pp.257-72, 1978.
DOI : 10.2307/4512188

O. Duah, K. Monney, C. Hambly, E. Król, and J. Speakman, Limits to sustained energy intake. XVII. Lactation performance in MF1 mice is not programmed by fetal number during pregnancy, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.216, issue.12, pp.2339-2387, 2013.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.078428

T. Valencak, K. Hackländer, and T. Ruf, Peak energy turnover in lactating European hares: a test of the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.213, issue.16
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.040238

U. Bar-pelled, E. Maltz, I. Bruckental, Y. Folman, Y. Kali et al., Relationship Between Frequent Milking or Suckling in Early Lactation and Milk Production of High Producing Dairy Cows, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.78, issue.12, pp.2726-2762, 1995.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76903-X

M. Gamelon, S. Focardi, J. Gaillard, O. Gimenez, C. Bonenfant et al., Do age-specific survival patterns of wild boar fit current evolutionary theories of senescence?, Evolution, vol.21, issue.12, pp.3636-3679, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2006.05.008

P. Koteja, Energy assimilation, parental care and the evolution of endothermy, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.267, issue.1442, pp.479-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2000.1025

W. Rauw, P. Knap, L. Varona, and J. Noguera, Reallocation of body resources in lactating mice highly selected for litter size, Journal of Animal Science, vol.81, issue.4, pp.939-983, 2003.
DOI : 10.2527/2003.814939x