O. Hoegh-guldberg and J. Bruno, The Impact of Climate Change on the World's Marine Ecosystems, Science, vol.27, issue.10, pp.1523-1528, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/01490410490465193

K. E. Carpenter, One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts, Science, vol.24, issue.22, pp.560-563, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00836.x

T. P. Hughes, Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs, Science, vol.301, issue.5635, pp.929-933, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1085046

C. D. Harvell, Emerging Marine Diseases--Climate Links and Anthropogenic Factors, Science, vol.285, issue.5433, pp.1505-1510, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.285.5433.1505

URL : http://studentresearch.wcp.muohio.edu/marineecology/marinediseases99.pdf

R. Berkelmans and J. K. Oliver, Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef, Coral Reefs, vol.18, issue.1, pp.55-60, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s003380050154

C. Cerrano, A catastrophic mass-mortality episode of gorgonians and other organisms in the Ligurian Sea (North-western Mediterranean), summer 1999, Ecology Letters, vol.28, issue.4, pp.284-293, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00092.x

J. Garrabou, Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave, Global Change Biology, vol.53, issue.5, pp.1090-1103, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00155.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00687683

. Hoegh-guldberg, Climate Change, coral bleaching, 1999.

R. Berkelmans, G. De-'ath, S. Kininmonth, and W. J. Skirving, A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions, Coral Reefs, vol.17, issue.1, pp.74-83, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00338-001-0199-0

J. Garrabou, T. Perez, S. Sartoretto, and J. G. Harmelin, Mass mortality event in red coral Corallium rubrum populations in the Provence region (France, NW Mediterranean), Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.217, pp.263-272, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/meps217263

D. K. Kersting, N. Bensoussan, and C. Linares, Long-Term Responses of the Endemic Reef-Builder Cladocora caespitosa to Mediterranean Warming, PLoS ONE, vol.303, issue.8, p.70820, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0070820.s002

M. S. Pratchett, D. Mccowan, J. A. Maynard, and S. F. Heron, Changes in Bleaching Susceptibility among Corals Subject to Ocean Warming and Recurrent Bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia, Changes in Bleaching Susceptibility among Corals Subject to Ocean Warming and Recurrent Bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia, p.70443, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0070443.g005

N. B. Császár, P. J. Ralph, R. Frankham, R. Berkelmans, and M. J. Van-oppen, Estimating the Potential for Adaptation of Corals to Climate Warming, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.3, p.9751, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0009751.s005

E. J. Howells, Coral thermal tolerance shaped by local adaptation of photosymbionts, Nature Climate Change, vol.4, issue.2, pp.116-120, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0006364

S. R. Palumbi, D. J. Barshis, N. Traylor-knowles, and R. Bay, Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change, Science, vol.20, issue.8, pp.895-898, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s003380100172

M. Ateweberhan and T. R. Mcclanahan, Relationship between historical sea-surface temperature variability and climate change-induced coral mortality in the western Indian Ocean, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.60, issue.7, pp.964-970, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.033

E. J. Howells, Coral thermal tolerance shaped by local adaptation of photosymbionts, Nature Climate Change, vol.4, issue.2, pp.116-120, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0006364

T. J. Kawecki and D. Ebert, Conceptual issues in local adaptation, Ecology Letters, vol.84, issue.12, pp.1225-1241, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/284528

T. B. Reusch, Climate change in the oceans: evolutionary versus phenotypically plastic responses of marine animals and plants, Evolutionary Applications, vol.32, issue.113, pp.104-122, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x

G. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection, 1996.

R. S. Wilson and C. E. Franklin, Testing the beneficial acclimation hypothesis, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.17, issue.2, pp.66-70, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02384-9

T. B. Reusch and T. Wood, Molecular ecology of global change, Molecular Ecology, vol.45, issue.113, pp.3973-3992, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/45.3.511

B. Charlesworth, D. Charlesworth, and N. H. Barton, The Effects of Genetic and Geographic Structure on Neutral Variation, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.99-125, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132359

P. L. Munday, R. R. Warner, K. Monro, J. M. Pandolfi, and D. J. Marshall, Predicting evolutionary responses to climate change in the sea, Ecology Letters, vol.18, issue.12, pp.1488-1500, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02656.x

E. Sanford and M. W. Kelly, Local Adaptation in Marine Invertebrates, Annual Review of Marine Science, vol.3, issue.1, pp.509-535, 2011.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142756

G. N. Somero, The physiology of climate change: how potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine 'winners' and 'losers', Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.213, issue.6, pp.912-920, 2010.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.037473

J. H. Stillman, Acclimation Capacity Underlies Susceptibility to Climate Change, Science, vol.301, issue.5629, pp.65-65, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1083073

S. U. Franssen, Transcriptomic resilience to global warming in the seagrass Zostera marina, a marine foundation species, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.19276-19281, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18334.x

J. Ledoux, Potential for adaptive evolution at species range margins: contrasting interactions between red coral populations and their environment in a changing ocean, Ecology and Evolution, vol.28, issue.6, pp.1178-1192, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01263.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01219326

A. Haguenauer, F. Zuberer, J. Ledoux, and D. Aurelle, Adaptive abilities of the Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum in a heterogeneous and changing environment: from population to functional genetics, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.449, pp.349-357, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2013.10.010

O. Torrents, E. Tambutté, N. Caminiti, and J. Garrabou, Upper thermal thresholds of shallow vs. deep populations of the precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L.): Assessing the potential effects of warming in the NW Mediterranean, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.357, issue.1, pp.7-19, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.006

I. D. Pivotto, Highly contrasted responses of Mediterranean octocorals to climate change along a depth gradient, Royal Society Open Science, vol.7, issue.1, pp.140493-140493, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cosust.2014.01.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01445197

M. A. True, Étude quantitative de quatre peuplements sciaphiles sur substrat rocheux dans la région marseillaise. Bull. L'Institut Oceanogr, pp.1-48, 1410.

E. Ballesteros, Mediterranean Coralligenous Assemblages, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev, vol.44, pp.123-195, 2006.
DOI : 10.1201/9781420006391.ch4

R. Coma, Global warming-enhanced stratification and mass mortality events in the Mediterranean, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.6176-6181, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.02.015

N. Bensoussan, J. Romano, J. Harmelin, and J. Garrabou, High resolution characterization of northwest Mediterranean coastal waters thermal regimes: To better understand responses of benthic communities to climate change, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.87, issue.3, pp.431-441, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2010.01.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00551648

C. Crisci, N. Bensoussan, J. Romano, and J. Garrabou, Temperature Anomalies and Mortality Events in Marine Communities: Insights on Factors behind Differential Mortality Impacts in the NW Mediterranean, PLoS ONE, vol.212, issue.1, p.23814, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0023814.t003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00626585

M. Bally and J. Garrabou, Thermodependent bacterial pathogens and mass mortalities in temperate benthic communities: a new case of emerging disease linked to climate change, Global Change Biology, vol.64, issue.10, pp.2078-2088, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020120

M. Previati, A. Scinto, C. Cerrano, and R. Osinga, Oxygen consumption in Mediterranean octocorals under different temperatures, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.390, issue.1, pp.39-48, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.04.025

S. Kipson, (Risso, 1826) in the Eastern Adriatic Sea, Marine Ecology, vol.53, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.982-993, 2015.
DOI : 10.1006/ecss.1996.0038

R. Van-hooidonk, J. A. Maynard, and S. Planes, Temporary refugia for coral reefs in a warming world, Nature Climate Change, vol.28, issue.5, pp.508-511, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00338-009-0502-z

I. L. Pairaud, N. Bensoussan, P. Garreau, V. Faure, and J. Garrabou, Impacts of climate change on coastal benthic ecosystems: assessing the current risk of mortality outbreaks associated with thermal stress in NW Mediterranean coastal areas, Ocean Dynamics, vol.53, issue.1, pp.103-115, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/nclimate1627

H. Peters, B. C. O-'leary, J. P. Hawkins, and C. M. Roberts, Identifying species at extinction risk using global models of anthropogenic impact, Global Change Biology, vol.3, issue.120, pp.618-628, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/nclimate1982

L. F. Jensen, Local adaptation in brown trout early life-history traits: implications for climate change adaptability, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.15, issue.1, pp.2859-2868, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.002141

T. Leinonen, J. M. Cano, H. Mäkinen, and J. Merilä, Contrasting patterns of body shape and neutral genetic divergence in marine and lake populations of threespine sticklebacks, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.16, issue.6, pp.1803-1812, 2006.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

R. Arizmendi-mejía, Combining Genetic and Demographic Data for the Conservation of a Mediterranean Marine Habitat-Forming Species, PLOS ONE, vol.312, issue.3, p.119585, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0119585.s009

M. Alleaume-benharira, I. R. Pen, and O. Ronce, Geographical patterns of adaptation within a species' range: interactions between drift and gene flow, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.133, issue.1, pp.203-215, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00693.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00325402

J. R. Bridle, J. Polechová, M. Kawata, and R. K. Butlin, Why is adaptation prevented at ecological margins? New insights from individual-based simulations, Ecology Letters, vol.22, issue.4, pp.485-494, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01592.x

R. Leimu and M. Fischer, A Meta-Analysis of Local Adaptation in Plants, PLoS ONE, vol.154, issue.12, p.4010, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0004010.s001

R. Arizmendi-mejía, Demographic responses to warming: reproductive maturity and sex influence vulnerability in an octocoral, Coral Reefs, vol.97, issue.4, pp.1207-1216, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s10641-013-0142-6

K. Mokhtar-jamaï, From global to local genetic structuring in the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata: the interplay between oceanographic conditions and limited larval dispersal, Molecular Ecology, vol.11, issue.16, pp.3291-3305, 2011.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1472:RGDIET]2.0.CO;2

J. Ledoux, (Linnaeus, 1758)]: new insights into evolutionary processes shaping nuclear diversity and implications for conservation, Molecular Ecology, vol.11, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.675-690, 2010.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

J. B. Ledoux, Fine-scale genetic structure and inferences on population biology in the threatened Mediterranean red coral, Corallium rubrum, Molecular Ecology, vol.11, issue.19, pp.4204-4216, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00675.x

P. Edelaar and M. Björklund, If FST does not measure neutral genetic differentiation, then comparing it with QST is misleading. Or is it?, Molecular Ecology, vol.28, issue.9, pp.1805-1812, 2011.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.108.099812

P. H. Leinonen, D. L. Remington, J. Leppälä, and O. Savolainen, Genetic basis of local adaptation and flowering time variation. Arabidopsis lyrata, pp.709-723, 2013.

B. Pujol, A. J. Wilson, R. I. Ross, J. R. Pannell, Q. Are et al., comparisons for natural populations meaningful?, Molecular Ecology, vol.60, issue.22, pp.4782-4785, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00535.x

D. Wit and P. , The simple fool's guide to population genomics via RNA-Seq: an introduction to high-throughput sequencing data analysis, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.329, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.1058-1067, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1190371

L. Vezzulli, Vibrio infections triggering mass mortality events in a warming Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Microbiology, vol.25, issue.7, pp.2007-2019, 2010.
DOI : 10.5670/oceanog.2007.60

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01136418

S. Somot, F. Sevault, M. Déqué, and M. Crépon, 21st century climate change scenario for the Mediterranean using a coupled atmosphere???ocean regional climate model, Global and Planetary Change, vol.63, issue.2-3, pp.112-126, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.10.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195051

R. Coma, M. Zabala, and J. Gilli, Sexual reproductive effort in the Mediterranean gorgonian Paramuricea ciavata, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.117, pp.185-192, 1995.
DOI : 10.3354/meps117185

A. Haguenauer, F. Zuberer, J. Ledoux, and D. Aurelle, Adaptive abilities of the Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum in a heterogeneous and changing environment: from population to functional genetics, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.449, pp.349-357, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2013.10.010

S. Rossi, Environmental factors affecting the trophic ecology of benthic suspension feeders, 2002.

R. Coma, Global warming-enhanced stratification and mass mortality events in the Mediterranean, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.6176-6181, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.02.015

R. Coma and M. Ribes, Seasonal energetic constraints in Mediterranean benthic suspension feeders: effects at different levels of ecological organization, Oikos, vol.101, issue.1, pp.205-215, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00392670

S. Rossi and J. Gili, Composition and temporal variation of the near-bottom seston in a Mediterranean coastal area, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.65, issue.3, pp.385-395, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.05.024

M. J. Anderson, A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance, Austral Ecol, vol.26, pp.32-46, 2001.

M. J. Anderson, Permutational multivariate analysis of variance, Dep. Stat. Univ. Auckl. Auckl, 2005.

M. J. Anderson, R. N. Gorley, and K. R. Clarke, PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: guide to software and statistical methods, 2008.

M. Slatkin, Gene flow and selection in a cline, Genetics, vol.75, pp.733-756, 1973.

M. Lynch, The evolution of genetic networks by non-adaptive processes, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.61, issue.10, pp.803-813, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.031912

F. Rousset and . Genepop, genepop???007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.145, issue.1, pp.103-106, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00366752

B. S. Weir and C. C. Cockerham, Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure, Evolution, vol.38, pp.1358-1370, 1984.

M. P. Chapuis and A. Estoup, Microsatellite Null Alleles and Estimation of Population Differentiation, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.14, issue.3, pp.621-631, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025835

M. Foll and O. E. Gaggiotti, Identifying the Environmental Factors That Determine the Genetic Structure of Populations, Genetics, vol.174, issue.2, pp.875-891, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.106.059451

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00293186

T. Leinonen, R. B. O-'hara, J. M. Cano, and J. Merilä, Comparative studies of quantitative trait and neutral marker divergence: a meta-analysis, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.1, issue.113, pp.1-17, 2008.
DOI : 10.1214/06-BA117A

S. A. Saether, comparisons: neutral genetic and quantitative trait variation in European populations of great snipe, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.85, issue.4, pp.1563-1576, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00304.x

J. E. Brommer, Whither Pst? The approximation of Qst by Pst in evolutionary and conservation biology, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.28, issue.6, pp.1160-1168, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00535.x

R. R. Sokal and F. J. Rohlf, Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 2012.

J. F. Storz, Contrasting patterns of divergence in quantitative traits and neutral DNA markers: analysis of clinal variation, Molecular Ecology, vol.129, issue.12, pp.2537-2551, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

R. A. Gitzen, J. J. Millspaugh, A. B. Cooper, and D. S. Licht, Design and Analysis of Longterm Ecological Monitoring Studies, 2012.

M. Y. Ozerov, baseline for testing local adaptation on gill raker number within and between European whitefish ecotypes in the Baltic Sea basin, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.15, issue.5, pp.1170-1183, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03122.x

P. Nosil, D. J. Funk, and D. Ortiz-barrientos, Divergent selection and heterogeneous genomic divergence, Molecular Ecology, vol.105, issue.3, pp.375-402, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00595.x

L. Orsini, The evolutionary time machine: using dormant propagules to forecast how populations can adapt to changing environments, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.28, issue.5, pp.274-282, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.009

E. Pante and B. Simon-bouhet, marmap: A Package for Importing, Plotting and Analyzing Bathymetric and Topographic Data in R, PLoS ONE, vol.92, issue.9, p.73051, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0073051.s001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00871853