J. C. Aker and I. M. Mbiti, Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.24, issue.3, pp.207-232, 2010.
DOI : 10.1257/jep.24.3.207

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.664.6269

F. Allen, A. Demirgüç-kunt, L. Klapper, and M. S. Peria, The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.27, pp.1-30, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfi.2015.12.003

F. Arestoff and B. Venet, Learning to Walk Before you Run: Financial Behavior and Mobile Banking in Madagascar, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01491217

T. Beck, A. Demirgüç-kunt, and R. Levine, SMEs, Growth, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence, Journal of Economic Growth, vol.19, issue.3, pp.199-229, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511561313

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.4152

G. Bensch, M. Grimm, and J. Peters, Why do households forego high returns from technology adoption? Evidence from improved cooking stoves in Burkina Faso, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol.116, pp.187-205, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jebo.2015.04.023

H. P. Binswanger and S. R. Khandker, The Impact of Formal Finance on the Rural Economy of India', The Journal of Development Studies, pp.234-262, 1080.

A. Demirgüç-kunt and L. Klapper, Measuring Financial Inclusion: The Global Findex Database, 2014.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-6025

G. Demombynes and A. Thegeya, Kenya's Mobile Revolution and the Promise of Mobile Savings, 2012.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-5988

S. Di-castri and L. Gidvani, The Kenyan Journey to Digital Financial Inclusion, 2013.

J. Donner and C. A. Tellez, Mobile banking and economic development: linking adoption, impact, and use, Asian Journal of Communication, vol.21, issue.4, pp.318-332, 1080.
DOI : 10.1080/713684114

P. Dupas and J. Robinson, Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol.5, issue.1, pp.163-192, 2013.
DOI : 10.1257/app.5.1.163

URL : http://doi.org/10.3386/w14693

D. S. Evans and A. Pirchio, An Empirical Examination of why Mobile Money Schemes Ignite in Some Developing Countries but Flounder in Most, Review of Network Economics, vol.13, issue.4, pp.397-45110, 2014.

M. K. Gugerty, You Can???t Save Alone: Commitment in Rotating Savings and Credit Associations in Kenya, Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp.251-282, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/508716

. Intermedia, The Financial Inclusion Insight Program, 2013.

G. Ivatury and I. Mas, The Early Experience with Branchless Banking', CGAP Focus Note, 2008.

W. Jack and T. Suri, Mobile Money: the Economics of M-PESA', (Working Paper No: w16721), National Bureau of Economic Research, pp.10-3386, 2011.

W. Jack and T. Suri, Risk Sharing and Transactions Costs: Evidence from Kenya's Mobile Money Revolution', The American Economic Review, pp.183-223, 2014.
DOI : 10.1257/aer.104.1.183

S. Johnson, Competing visions of financial inclusion in Kenya: the rift revealed by mobile money transfer, Bath Papers in International Development and Wellbeing, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/0308275X11420117

S. Johnson, Competing visions of financial inclusion in Kenya: the rift revealed by mobile money transfer, Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'??tudes du d??veloppement, vol.37, issue.1, pp.83-100, 2016.
DOI : 10.1177/0308275X11420117

S. Johnson and S. Arnold, Inclusive Financial Markets: Is Transformation Under Way in Kenya?, Development Policy Review, vol.3, issue.3, pp.719-748, 2012.
DOI : 10.1596/978-0-8213-7754-3

URL : https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/128109/1/bpd14.pdf

S. Johnson, G. K. Brown, and C. Fouillet, The Search for Inclusion in Kenya's Financial Landscape: The Rift Revealed, Financial Sector Deepening (FSD) Kenya, 2012.

S. Johnson, G. K. Brown, and C. Fouillet, The Search for Inclusion in Kenya's Financial Landscape: The Rift Revealed ? Annex 2: Demand-Side Survey, Financial Sector Deepening (FSD) Kenya, 2012.

S. Johnson and M. Nino-zarazua, Financial Access and Exclusion in Kenya and Uganda', The Journal of Development Studies, pp.475-496, 2011.

N. Jonker, Payment Instruments as Perceived by Consumers ??? Results from a Household Survey, De Economist, vol.3, issue.2, pp.271-303, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-2510-6_4

L. K. Kibet, B. K. Mutai, D. E. Ouma, S. A. Ouma, and G. Owuor, Determinants of Household Saving: Case Study of Smallholder Farmers, Entrepreneurs and Teachers in Rural Areas of Kenya, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, vol.1, issue.7, pp.137-143, 2009.

E. M. Kikulwe, E. Fischer, and M. Qaim, Mobile Money, Smallholder Farmers, and Household Welfare in Kenya, PLoS ONE, vol.95, issue.3, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0109804.s003

URL : http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109804

L. Klapper and D. Singer, The Opportunities of Digitizing Payments', (Working paper), 2014.

I. Mbiti, &. N. Weil, and D. , Mobile Banking: The Impact of M-PESA in Kenya', (Working paper No: 17129), National Bureau of Economic Research, pp.10-3386, 2014.

O. Morawczynski, Surviving in the 'Dual System': How MPESA is Fostering Urban to Rural Remittances in a Kenyan Slum', (Working paper) Social Studies Unit, 2008.

O. Morawczynski, Exploring the usage and impact of ???transformational??? mobile financial services: the case of M-PESA in Kenya, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol.3, issue.3, pp.509-525, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/17531050903273768

O. Morawczynski and M. C. Pickens, Poor People Using Mobile Financial Services: Observations on Customer Usage and Impact from M-PESA, 2009.

J. Morduch, Poverty and Vulnerability', The American Economic Review, pp.221-225, 1994.

G. K. Munyegera and T. Matsumoto, Mobile Money, Remittances, and Household Welfare: Panel Evidence from Rural Uganda, World Development, vol.79, pp.127-137, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.006

C. Murendo, M. Wollni, A. De-brauw, and N. Mugabi, Social Network Effects on Mobile Money Adoption in Uganda', The Journal of Development Studies

L. Murphy and A. E. Priebe, My co-Wife can Borrow my Mobile Phone! Gendered Geographies of Cell Phone Usage and Significance for Rural Kenyans, Gender, Technology and Development, pp.1-23, 2011.

M. G. Plyler, S. Haas, and G. Nagarajan, Community-Level Economic Effects of M-PESA in Kenya. Financial Services Assessment, pp.1-8, 2010.

D. Porteous, Just how Transformational is M-Banking?'. FinMark Trust, 2007.

T. Suri and W. Jack, The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money, Science, vol.4, issue.6264, pp.354-1288, 2016.
DOI : 10.1257/app.4.4.94

M. Were, The Concept of Retirement Age: a Commentary', Retirement Benefits Authority, 2009.

J. K. Winn, . Kenya, I. Brazil, C. As, J. A. Studies-', et al., 22) (-0.48) 36-40 0.106 0.229 0.242 0.271 -0.235 (0.88) (1.48) (0.59) (1.69) (-1.51) 41-55 -0, ) (2.45) (0.24)) (-3.16) (-1.44) (-3.76) (0.77) Education *** ** n.s. *** *** Non) (2.69) (-0.05) (1.87) (5.03), pp.62-88, 2016.