E. A. Anderson, A point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover, National Weather Service, 1976.

K. Andreadis, P. Storck, and D. P. Lettenmaier, Modeling snow accumulation and ablation processes in forested environments, Water Resources Research, vol.87, issue.11, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-87-12-1699

O. A. Anisimov and A. B. Sherstiukov, Evaluating the effect of environmental factors on permafrost factors in Russia, Earth's Cryosphere, pp.90-99, 2016.

C. A. Avis, Simulating the present-day and future distribution of permafrost in the UVic Earth System Climate Model, Dissertation, 2012.

P. A. Bartlett, M. D. Mackay, and D. L. Verseghy, Modified snow algorithms in the Canadian land surface scheme: Model runs and sensitivity analysis at three boreal forest stands, Atmosphere-Ocean, vol.38, issue.3, pp.207-222, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2000WR900094

A. Boone and P. Etchevers, An Intercomparison of Three Snow Schemes of Varying Complexity Coupled to the Same Land Surface Model: Local-Scale Evaluation at an Alpine Site, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.2, issue.4, pp.374-394, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0374:AIOTSS>2.0.CO;2

J. Brown, O. J. Ferrians, J. A. Heginbottom, and S. E. Melnikov, International Permafrost Association Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions, Circum-Pacific Map Series, USGS Circum-Pacific Map Series, 45 pp, 1997.

E. Brun, P. David, M. Sudul, and G. Brunot, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.13, issue.128, pp.13-22, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/RG020i001p00067

E. Brun, V. Vionnet, A. Boone, B. Decharme, Y. Peings et al., Simulation of Northern Eurasian Local Snow Depth, Mass, and Density Using a Detailed Snowpack Model and Meteorological Reanalyses, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.203-214, 2013.
DOI : 10.1175/JHM-D-12-012.1

B. I. Cook, G. B. Bonan, S. Levis, and H. E. Epstein, The thermoinsulation effect of snow cover within a climate model, Climate Dynamics, vol.14, issue.13, pp.107-124, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/94JD01633

Y. Dai, X. Zeng, R. E. Dickinson, I. Baker, G. B. Bonan et al., The Common Land Model, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.84, issue.8, pp.1013-102310, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-84-8-1013

URL : http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-84-8-1013

R. Dankers, E. J. Burke, P. , and J. , Simulation of permafrost and seasonal thaw depth in the JULES land surface scheme, The Cryosphere, pp.773-79010, 2011.

B. Decharme, E. Brun, A. Boone, C. Delire, P. Le-moigne et al., Impacts of snow and organic soils parameterization on northern Eurasian soil temperature profiles simulated by the ISBA land surface model, The Cryosphere, vol.10, issue.2, pp.853-87710, 2016.
DOI : 10.5194/tc-10-853-2016

H. Douville, J. F. Royer, and J. F. Mahfouf, A new snow parameterization for the M??t??o-France climate model, Climate Dynamics, vol.12, issue.1, pp.21-35, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00208760

E. Dutra, P. Viterbo, P. M. Miranda, and G. Balsamo, Complexity of Snow Schemes in a Climate Model and Its Impact on Surface Energy and Hydrology, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.521-538, 2012.
DOI : 10.1175/JHM-D-11-072.1

E. Dutra, G. Balsamo, P. Viterbo, P. M. Miranda, A. Beljaars et al., An Improved Snow Scheme for the ECMWF Land Surface Model: Description and Offline Validation, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.11, issue.4, pp.899-916, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2010JHM1249.1

R. Essery, S. Morin, Y. Lejeune, and C. B. Ménard, A comparison of 1701 snow models using observations from an alpine site, Advances in Water Resources, vol.55, pp.131-148, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.07.013

R. L. Essery, N. Rutter, J. Pomeroy, R. Baxter, M. Staehli et al., SNOWMIP2: An Evaluation of Forest Snow Process Simulations, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.90, issue.8, pp.1120-113510, 2009.
DOI : 10.1175/2009BAMS2629.1

Y. Ge and G. Gong, Land surface insulation response to snow depth variability, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.32, issue.7, pp.8107-8117, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03245.x

D. Gerten, S. Schaphoff, U. Haberlandt, W. Lucht, and S. Sitch, Terrestrial vegetation and water balance???hydrological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model, Journal of Hydrology, vol.286, issue.1-4, pp.249-270, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.029

K. Gisnås, S. Westermann, T. V. Schuler, T. Litherland, K. Isaksen et al., A statistical approach to represent small-scale variability of permafrost temperatures due to snow cover, The Cryosphere, pp.2063-207410, 2014.

I. Gouttevin, M. Menegoz, F. Domine, G. Krinner, C. D. Koven et al., How the
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00845306

W. Wang, Evaluation of air?soil temperature relationships ing properties of snow affect soil carbon distribution in the continental pan-Arctic area, J. Geophys. Res, vol.117, pp.10-1029, 2012.

S. Gubler, S. Endrizzi, S. Gruber, and R. S. Purves, Sensitivities and uncertainties of modeled ground temperatures in mountain environments, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.65194, issue.6, pp.1319-133610, 1319.

E. E. Jafarov, D. J. Nicolsky, V. E. Romanovsky, J. E. Walsh, S. K. Panda et al., The effect of snow: How to better model ground surface temperatures, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol.102, pp.63-77, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.02.007

R. Jordan, A one-dimensional temperature model for a snow cover, technical documentation for SNTHERM, p.49, 1991.

K. C. Karunaratne and C. R. Burn, Freezing n-factors in discontinuous permafrost terrain, Takhini River, Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Permafrost, pp.519-524, 2003.

K. Klehmet, B. Geyer, and B. Rockel, A regional climate model hindcast for Siberia: analysis of snow water equivalent, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.4, pp.1017-1034, 1017.
DOI : 10.5194/tc-7-1017-2013

C. D. Koven, W. J. Riley, and A. Stern, Analysis of Permafrost Thermal Dynamics and Response to Climate Change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models, Journal of Climate, vol.26, issue.6, pp.1877-1900, 2013.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00228.1

C. Koven, P. Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, D. Khvorostyanov, G. Krinner et al., On the formation of high-latitude soil carbon stocks: Effects of cryoturbation and insulation by organic matter in a land surface model, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.36, issue.21, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-168250-7.50013-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00448197

M. Langer, S. Westermann, M. Heikenfeld, W. Dorn, and J. Boike, Satellite-based modeling of permafrost temperatures in a tundra lowland landscape, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.135, pp.12-24, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.011

D. M. Lawrence and A. G. Slater, The contribution of snow condition trends to future ground climate, Climate Dynamics, vol.60, issue.7-8, pp.969-98110, 2010.
DOI : 10.1139/t82-047

S. Marchenko and B. Etzelmüller, 8.15 Permafrost: Formation and Distribution, Thermal and Mechanical Properties, pp.202-222, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00207-4

A. D. Mcguire, C. Koven, D. M. Lawrence, J. S. Clein, J. Xia et al., A modelbased analysis of the vulnerability of carbon in the permafrost region between, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.30, pp.1-2310, 1002.

K. J. Meissner, A. J. Weaver, H. D. Matthews, and P. M. Cox, The role of land surface dynamics in glacial inception: a study with the UVic Earth System Model, Climate Dynamics, vol.21, issue.7-8, pp.515-537, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-003-0352-2

P. D. Morse, C. R. Burn, and S. V. Kokelj, Influence of snow on near-surface ground temperatures in upland and alluvial environments of the outer Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Can, J. Earth Sci, vol.49, pp.895-91310, 2012.

R. Muskett, Remote Sensing, Model-Derived and Ground Measurements of Snow Water Equivalent and Snow Density in Alaska, International Journal of Geosciences, vol.03, issue.05, pp.1127-1136, 2012.
DOI : 10.4236/ijg.2012.35114

D. J. Nicolsky, V. E. Romanovsky, V. A. Alexeev, L. , and D. M. , Improved modelling of permafrost dynamics in a GCM land-surface scheme, Geophys. Res. Lett, pp.10-1029, 2007.

D. Paimazumder, J. Miller, Z. Li, J. E. Walsh, A. Etringer et al., Evaluation of Community Climate System Model soil temperatures using observations from Russia, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.106, issue.D1, pp.187-213, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD900151

H. Park, A. N. Fedorov, M. N. Zheleznyak, P. Y. Konstantinov, W. et al., Effect of snow cover on pan-Arctic permafrost thermal regimes, Climate Dynamics, vol.8, issue.1, pp.2873-289510, 2015.
DOI : 10.5194/tc-8-785-2014

H. Park, A. B. Sherstiukov, A. N. Fedorov, I. V. Polyakov, W. et al., An observation-based assessment of the influences of air temperature and snow depth on soil temperature in Russia, Environmental Research Letters, vol.9, issue.6, pp.1-7, 2014.
DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064026

A. V. Pavlov and G. V. Malkova, Small-scale mapping of trends of the contemporary ground temperature changes in the Russian North, Earth's Cryosphere, pp.32-39, 2009.

V. E. Romanovsky, T. S. Sazonova, V. T. Balobaev, N. I. Shender, and D. O. Sergueev, Past and recent changes in air and permafrost temperatures in eastern Siberia, Global Planet, Change, vol.56, pp.399-413, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.022

S. Saha, A. Rinke, K. Dethloff, and P. Kuhry, Influence of a complex land surface scheme on Arctic climate simulations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.24, issue.D22, pp.10-1029, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511564505

K. Schaefer, T. Zhang, L. Bruhwiler, and A. P. Barrett, Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming, Tellus B, vol.312, issue.2, pp.165-180, 2011.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1128908

E. A. Schuur, J. Bockheim, J. G. Canadell, E. Euskirchen, C. B. Field et al., Vulnerability of Permafrost Carbon to Climate Change: Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle, BioScience, vol.58, issue.8, pp.701-714, 2008.
DOI : 10.1641/B580807

A. Sherstiukov, Climate Change and its Impacts in the Permafrost Zone of Russia, RIHMI-WDC, 2009.

A. Sherstiukov, Dataset of daily soil temperature up to 320 cm depth based on meteorological stations of Russian Federation, RIHMI-WDC, pp.224-232, 2012.

A. Sherstiukov, Statistical quality control of soil temperature dataset, RIHMI-WDC, pp.224-232, 2012.

V. P. Singh, P. Singh, and U. Haritashya, Encyclopedia of snow, ice and glaciers, 1240.
DOI : 10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2

A. G. Slater, C. A. Schlosser, and C. E. Desborough, The Representation of Snow in Land Surface Schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d), Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.7-25, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0007:TROSIL>2.0.CO;2

A. Slater and D. Lawrence, Diagnosing Present and Future Permafrost from Climate Models, Journal of Climate, vol.26, issue.15, pp.5608-5623, 2013.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00341.1

M. W. Smith and D. W. Riseborough, Climate and the limits of permafrost: a zonal analysis, Permafrost Periglac, Process, vol.13, pp.1-15, 2002.

S. A. Sokratov and R. G. Barry, Intraseasonal variation in the thermoinsulation effect of snow cover on soil temperatures and energy balance, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.38, issue.3, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1010790203146

M. Sturm and S. Stuefer, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.59, issue.213, pp.21-34, 2013.
DOI : 10.3189/2013JoG12J110

S. C. Swenson and D. M. Lawrence, A new fractional snowcovered area parameterization for the Community Land Model and its effect on the surface energy balance, J. Geophys. Res, pp.10-1029, 2012.

M. Takala, K. Luojus, J. Pulliainen, C. Derksen, J. Lemmetyinen et al., Estimating northern hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research through assimilation of space-borne radiometer data and ground-based measurements, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.115, issue.12, pp.3517-3529, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.014

S. J. Vavrus, The role of terrestrial snow cover in the climate system, Climate Dynamics, vol.69, issue.D12, pp.73-88, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/07055900.2001.9649665

V. Vionnet, E. Brun, S. Morin, A. Boone, S. Faroux et al., The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geosci. Model Dev, pp.773-79110, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00844645

V. Vionnet, G. Guyomarch, E. Martin, Y. Durand, H. Bellot et al., Occurrence of blowing snow events at an alpine site over a 10-year period: Observations and modelling, Advances in Water Resources, vol.55, pp.53-63, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.05.004

V. Storch, H. Zwiers, and F. W. , Statistical Analysis in Climate Research, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511612336

T. Wang, C. Ottle, A. Boone, P. Ciais, E. Brun et al., Evaluation of an improved intermediate complexity snow scheme in the OR- CHIDEE land surface model, J. Geophys. Res, vol.118, pp.6064-6079, 2013.

R. Wania, I. Ross, P. , and I. C. , Integrating peatlands and permafrost into a dynamic global vegetation model: 2. Evaluation and sensitivity of vegetation and carbon cycle processes, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.112, issue.4, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JG000342

M. Woo, R. Heron, P. Marsh, and P. Steer, Comparison of weather station snowfall with winter snow accumulation in high arctic basins, Atmosphere-Ocean, vol.62, issue.3, pp.312-325, 1983.
DOI : 10.2307/520451

T. Zhang, Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.49, issue.2, pp.10-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.2307/1551862

T. Zhang, T. E. Osterkamp, and K. Stamnes, Influence of the Depth Hoar Layer of the Seasonal Snow Cover on the Ground Thermal Regime, Water Resources Research, vol.7, issue.1, pp.2075-208610, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/91JB02685

X. Zhong, T. Zhang, W. , and K. , Snow density climatology across the former USSR, The Cryosphere, pp.785-799, 2014.
DOI : 10.5194/tcd-7-3379-2013