R. H. Abu-zied, E. J. Rohling, F. J. Jorissen, C. Fontanier, J. S. Casford et al., Benthic foraminiferal response to changes in bottom-water oxygenation and organic carbon flux in the eastern Mediterranean during LGM to Recent times, Marine Micropaleontology, vol.67, issue.1-2, pp.46-68, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.08.006

J. R. Allen, B. Huntley, U. Brandt, A. Brauer, H. Hubberten et al., Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period, Nature, vol.400, pp.740-74310, 1038.

T. Arsouze, J. Dutay, F. Lacan, and C. Jeandel, Reconstructing the Nd oceanic cycle using a coupled dynamical ? biogeochemical model, Biogeosciences, vol.65194, pp.2829-284610, 2009.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-6-2829-2009
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00985398

M. Astraldi, G. P. Gasparini, L. Gervasio, and E. Salusti, Dense Water Dynamics along the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea), Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.31, issue.12, pp.3457-3475, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3457:DWDATS>2.0.CO;2

M. Astraldi, G. P. Gasparini, A. Vetrano, and S. Vignudelli, Hydrographic characteristics and interannual variability of water masses in the central Mediterranean: A sensitivity test for longterm changes in the Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res, Pt. I, vol.49, issue.01, pp.661-68010, 2002.

M. Astraldi, F. Conversano, G. Civitarese, G. P. Gasparini, M. Ribera-d-'alcalà et al., Water mass properties and chemical signatures in the central Mediterranean region, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.33, issue.34, pp.155-17710, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00057-X

A. Bahr, S. Kaboth, F. J. Jiménez-espejo, F. J. Sierro, A. H. Voelker et al., Persistent monsoonal forcing of Mediterranean Outflow Water dynamics during the late Pleistocene, Persistent monsoonal forcing of Mediterranean Outflow Water dynamics during the late Pleistocene, pp.951-95410, 1130.
DOI : 10.1130/G37013.1

P. A. Barker, M. R. Talbot, F. A. Street-perrott, F. Marret, J. Scourse et al., Late Quaternary climatic variability in intertropical Africa, Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa, pp.117-138, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-2121-3_7

Y. Bartov, S. L. Goldstein, M. Stein, and Y. Enzel, Catastrophic arid episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich events, Geology, vol.31, issue.5, p.31, 2003.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0439:CAEITE>2.0.CO;2

G. R. Bigg and M. R. Wadley, Millennial-scale variability in the oceans: an ocean modelling view, Journal of Quaternary Science, vol.29, issue.4, pp.309-319, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/jqs.599

V. Bout-roumazeilles, N. Combourieu-nebout, S. Desprat, G. Siani, J. L. Turon et al., Tracking atmospheric and riverine terrigenous supplies variability during the last glacial and the Holocene in central Mediterranean, Clim. Past, vol.95194, pp.1065-108710, 1065.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00861322

H. A. Buckley and L. R. Johnson, Late pleistocene to recent sediment deposition in the central and western Mediterranean, Deep- Sea Res, Pt. A, vol.3588, pp.749-76610, 1988.

I. Cacho, C. Pelejero, J. O. Grimalt, A. Calafat, and M. Canals, C37 alkenone measurements of sea surface temperature in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean), Organic Geochemistry, vol.30, issue.7, pp.557-566, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00038-8

I. Cacho, J. O. Grimalt, F. J. Sierro, N. Shackleton, and M. Canals, Evidence for enhanced Mediterranean thermohaline circulation during rapid climatic coolings, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.183, issue.3-4, pp.417-429, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00296-X

I. Cacho, J. O. Grimalt, M. Canals, L. Sbaffi, N. J. Shackleton et al., Variability of the western Mediterranean Sea surface temperature during the last 25,000 years and its connection with the Northern Hemisphere climatic changes, Paleoceanography, vol.15, issue.5, pp.40-5210, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000PA000502

I. Cacho, J. O. Grimalt, and M. Canals, Response of the Western Mediterranean Sea to rapid climatic variability during the last 50,000 years: a molecular biomarker approach, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.33, issue.34, pp.253-272, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00061-1

I. Cacho, N. Shackleton, H. Elderfield, F. J. Sierro, and J. O. Grimalt, Glacial rapid variability in deep-water temperature and ??18O from the Western Mediterranean Sea, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.25, issue.23-24, pp.3294-3311, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.10.004

S. E. Calvert, Geochemistry of Pleistocene sapropels and associated sediments from the Eastern Mediterranean, Oceanol. Ac, vol.6, pp.255-267, 1983.

H. Cheng, L. Edwards, R. Shen, C. Polyak, V. J. Asmerom et al., Improvements in 230 Th dating, 230 Th and 234 U half-life values, and U? Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.371372, pp.82-91, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.006

C. Colin, N. Frank, K. Copard, and E. Douville, Neodymium isotopic composition of deep-sea corals from the NE Atlantic: implications for past hydrological changes during the Holocene, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.29, issue.19-20, pp.2509-2517, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.012

N. Combourieu-nebout, J. L. Turon, R. Zahn, L. Capotondi, L. Londeix et al., Enhanced aridity and atmospheric high-pressure stability over the western Mediterranean during the North Atlantic cold events of the past 50 k.y., 030<0863:EAAAHP>2.0.CO, pp.863-86610, 2002.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0863:EAAAHP>2.0.CO;2

K. Copard, C. Colin, E. Douville, A. Freiwald, G. Gudmundsson et al., Nd isotopes in deep-sea corals in the North-eastern Atlantic, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.29, issue.19-20, pp.2499-2508, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.025
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00511394

K. Copard, C. Colin, G. M. Henderson, J. Scholten, E. Douville et al., Late Holocene intermediate water variability in the northeastern Atlantic as recorded by deep-sea corals, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.313, issue.314, pp.34-44, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.047
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00674904

A. Cramp, O. Sullivan, and G. , Neogene sapropels in the Mediterranean: a review, Marine Geology, vol.153, issue.1-4, pp.11-2810, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00092-9

D. Lange, G. J. Thomson, J. Reitz, A. Slomp, C. P. Principato et al., Synchronous basin-wide formation and redox-controlled preservation of a Mediterranean sapropel, Nature Geoscience, vol.180, issue.9, pp.606-610, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ngeo283

P. Demenocal, J. Ortiz, T. Guilderson, and M. Sarnthein, Coherent High- and Low-Latitude Climate Variability During the Holocene Warm Period, Science, vol.288, issue.5474, pp.2198-2202, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.288.5474.2198

P. Deschamps, N. Durand, E. Bard, B. Hamelin, G. Camoin et al., Ice-sheet collapse and sea-level rise at the B??lling warming 14,600???years ago, Nature, vol.51, issue.7391, pp.559-56410, 1038.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1168754

E. Douville, E. Sallé, N. Frank, M. Eisele, E. Pons-branchu et al., Rapid and accurate U???Th dating of ancient carbonates using inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry, Chemical Geology, vol.272, issue.1-4, pp.1-11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.01.007

Q. Dubois-dauphin, C. Colin, L. Bonneau, P. Montagna, Q. Wu et al., Fingerprinting North-east Atlantic water masses using Neodymium isotopes, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2017.04.002

A. C. Elmore, A. M. Piotrowski, J. D. Wright, and A. E. Scrivner, Testing the extraction of past seawater Nd isotopic composition from North Atlantic deep sea sediments and foraminifera, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.271, issue.1-4, p.10, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2011GC003741

K. Emeis, T. Sakamoto, R. Wehausen, and H. Brumsack, The sapropel record of the eastern Mediterranean Sea ??? results of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 160, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.158, issue.3-4, pp.371-395, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00059-6

H. G. Fink, C. Wienberg, R. De-pol-holz, P. Wintersteller, and D. Hebbeln, Cold-water coral growth in the Alboran Sea related to high productivity during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, Marine Geology, vol.339, pp.71-82, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2013.04.009

J. Frigola, A. Moreno, I. Cacho, M. Canals, F. J. Sierro et al., Holocene climate variability in the western Mediterranean region from a deepwater sediment record, Paleoceanography, vol.14, issue.71, pp.10-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2003GC000585

J. Frigola, A. Moreno, I. Cacho, M. Canals, F. J. Sierro et al., Evidence of abrupt changes in Western Mediterranean Deep Water circulation during the last 50kyr: A high-resolution marine record from the Balearic Sea, Quaternary International, vol.181, issue.1, pp.88-104, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.016

Y. Garcin, A. Junginger, D. Melnick, D. O. Olago, M. R. Strecker et al., Late Pleistocene?Holocene rise and collapse of Lake Suguta, northern Kenya Rift, Quaternary Sci. Rev, vol.28, pp.911-925, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.006

D. Hebbeln, C. Wienberg, L. Beuck, A. Freiwald, and P. Wintersteller, and cruise participants: Report and preliminary results of R/V POSEIDON Cruise 385 " Cold-water corals of the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea), Faro ? Toulon, issue.273, pp.46-000106508, 2009.

R. Hennekam, T. Jilbert, B. Schnetger, D. Lange, and G. J. , Solar forcing of Nile discharge and sapropel S1 formation in the early to middle Holocene eastern Mediterranean, Paleoceanography, vol.66, issue.3, pp.343-35610, 2014.
DOI : 10.1002/2013PA002553

F. Henry, C. Jeandel, B. Dupré, and J. Minster, Particulate and dissolved Nd in the western Mediterranean Sea: Sources, fate and budget, Marine Chemistry, vol.45, issue.4, pp.283-30510, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4203(94)90075-2

. Dubois-dauphin, Hydrological variations of the intermediate water masses Isopollen maps for 18,000 years B.P. of the Atlantic offshore of northwest Africa: Evidence for paleowind circulation, Paleoceanography, issue.2, pp.561-582, 1987.

T. S. Hopkins, T. C. Huang, and D. J. Stanley, Recent observations on the intermediate and deep water circulation in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea Western Alboran sea: sediment dispersal, pounding and reversal of currents, Special issue) The Mediterranean Sea: A Natural Sedimentation Laboratory, pp.41-50, 1972.

W. H. Hutson, The Agulhas Current During the Late Pleistocene: Analysis of Modern Faunal Analogs, Science, vol.207, issue.4426, pp.64-66, 1980.
DOI : 10.1126/science.207.4426.64

A. C. Itambi, T. Von-dobeneck, S. Mulitza, T. Bickert, and D. Heslop, Millennial-scale northwest African droughts related to Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles: Evidence in marine sediments from offshore Senegal, Paleoceanography, vol.316, issue.2, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2007PA001570

S. Ivy-ochs, H. Kerschner, and C. Schlüchter, Cosmogenic nuclides and the dating of Lateglacial and Early Holocene glacier variations: The Alpine perspective, Quaternary International, vol.164, issue.165, pp.164-165, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.12.008

S. B. Jacobsen and G. J. Wasserburg, Sm-Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.50, issue.1, pp.139-15510, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90125-9

F. J. Jiménez-espejo, M. Pardos-gené, F. Martínez-ruiz, A. García-alix, T. Van-de-flierdt et al., Geochemical evidence for intermediate water circulation in the westernmost Mediterranean over the last 20 kyr BP and its impact on the Mediterranean Outflow, Global Planet, Change, vol.135, pp.38-46, 2015.

N. Kallel, M. Paterne, L. Labeyrie, J. Duplessy, A. et al., Temperature and salinity records of the Tyrrhenian Sea during the last 18,000 years, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.135, issue.1-4, pp.97-108, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00021-7

M. A. Kelly, S. Ivy-ochs, P. W. Kubik, V. Blanckenburg, F. Schlüchter et al., Chronology of deglaciation based on 10 Be dates of glacial erosional features in the Grimsel Pass region, central Swiss Alps, Boreas, vol.95, issue.4, pp.634-643, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/35021035

N. Khelifi, M. Sarnthein, N. Andersen, T. Blanz, M. Frank et al., A major and long-term Pliocene intensification of the Mediterranean outflow, 3.5-3.3 Ma ago, Geology, vol.37, issue.9, pp.811-81410, 1130.
DOI : 10.1130/G30058A.1

T. H. Kinder and G. Parrilla, Yes, some of the Mediterranean outflow does come from great depth, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, issue.1, pp.2901-290610, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/JC092iC03p02901

T. Kuhnt, G. Schmiedl, W. Ehrmann, Y. Hamann, and C. Hemleben, Deep-sea ecosystem variability of the Aegean Sea during the past 22??kyr as revealed by Benthic Foraminifera, Marine Micropaleontology, vol.64, issue.3-4, pp.141-162, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.04.003

T. Kuhnt, G. Schmiedl, W. Ehrmann, Y. Hamann, and N. Andersen, Stable isotopic composition of Holocene benthic foraminifers from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Past changes in productivity and deep water oxygenation, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.268, issue.1-2, pp.106-115, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.07.010

F. Lacan and C. Jeandel, Tracing Papua New Guinea imprint on the central Equatorial Pacific Ocean using neodymium isotopic compositions and Rare Earth Element patterns, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.186, issue.3-4
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00263-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00399159

F. Lacan and C. Jeandel, Neodymium isotopes as a new tool for quantifying exchange fluxes at the continent???ocean interface, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.232, issue.3-4, pp.245-257, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00280196

A. Lascaratos and K. Nittis, A high-resolution three-dimensional numerical study of intermediate water formation in the Levantine Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.25, issue.10, pp.10-1029, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JC01196

A. Lascaratos, R. G. Williams, and E. Tragou, A mixed-layer study of the formation of Levantine intermediate water, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.16, issue.7, pp.10-1029, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/93JC00912

L. Correa, M. Montagna, P. Joseph, N. Rüggeberg, A. Fietzke et al., Preboreal onset of cold-water coral growth beyond the Arctic Circle revealed by coupled radiocarbon and U-series dating and neodymium isotopes, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.34, pp.24-43, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.12.005

J. L. López-jurado, M. Marcos, and S. Monserrat, Hydrographic conditions affecting two fishing grounds of Mallorca island (Western Mediterranean): during the IDEA Project (2003???2004), Journal of Marine Systems, vol.71, issue.3-4, pp.303-315, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.03.007

K. R. Ludwig and D. M. Titterington, Calculation of isochrons, ages, and errors, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.58, issue.22, pp.5031-504210, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90229-1

G. W. Lugmair, T. Shimamura, R. S. Lewis, A. , and E. , Samarium-146 in the Early Solar System: Evidence from Neodymium in the Allende Meteorite, Science, vol.222, issue.4627, pp.1015-1018, 1983.
DOI : 10.1126/science.222.4627.1015

P. Malanotte-rizzoli, B. B. Manca, M. R. D-'alcala, A. Theocharis, S. Brenner et al., The Eastern Mediterranean in the 80s and in the 90s: the big transition in the intermediate and deep circulations, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, vol.29, issue.2-4, pp.365-39510, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0265(99)00011-1

B. Manca, V. Ibello, M. Pacciaroni, P. Scarazzato, and A. Giorgetti, Ventilation of deep waters in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas following changes in thermohaline circulation of the Eastern Mediterranean, Climate Research, vol.31, pp.239-25610, 2006.
DOI : 10.3354/cr031239

B. Martrat, J. O. Grimalt, C. Lopez-martinez, I. Cacho, F. J. Sierro et al., Abrupt Temperature Changes in the Western Mediterranean over the Past 250,000 Years, Abrupt temperature changes in the Western Mediterranean over the past 250,000 years, pp.1762-1765, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1101706

B. Martrat, P. Jimenez-amat, R. Zahn, and J. O. Grimalt, Similarities and dissimilarities between the last two deglaciations and interglaciations in the North Atlantic region, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.99, pp.122-134, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.016

T. Melki, N. Kallel, F. J. Jorissen, F. Guichard, B. Dennielou et al., Abrupt climate change, sea surface salinity and paleoproductivity in the western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion) during the last 28??kyr, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.279, issue.1-2, pp.96-113, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.005

D. Mercone, J. Thomson, I. W. Croudace, G. Siani, M. Paterne et al., Duration of S1, the most recent sapropel in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, as indicated by accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and geochemical evidence, Paleoceanography, vol.66, issue.3, pp.336-34710, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999PA000397

D. Mercone, J. Thomson, R. H. Abu-zied, I. W. Croudace, R. et al., High-resolution geochemical and micropalaeontological profiling of the most recent eastern Mediterranean sapropel, Marine Geology, vol.177, issue.1-2, pp.25-4410, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00122-0

C. Millot, Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.20, issue.1-4, pp.423-44210, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00078-5
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00465628

C. Millot, Another description of the Mediterranean Sea outflow, Progress in Oceanography, vol.82, issue.2, pp.101-124, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.016

C. Millot, Heterogeneities of in- and out-flows in the Mediterranean Sea, Progress in Oceanography, vol.120, pp.254-278, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2013.09.007

C. Millot and I. Taupier-letage, Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Chemistry, vol.5, pp.29-66, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/b107143
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191856

C. Millot, J. Candela, J. Fuda, and Y. Tber, Large warming and salinification of the Mediterranean outflow due to changes in its composition, Deep-Sea Res, Pt. I, vol.53, pp.656-666, 2006.

J. Montero-serrano, N. Frank, C. Colin, C. Wienberg, and M. Eisele, The climate influence on the mid-depth Northeast Atlantic gyres viewed by cold-water corals, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.298, issue.C8, pp.10-1029, 2011.
DOI : 10.1029/2011GL048733

J. Montero-serrano, N. Frank, N. Tisnérat-laborde, C. Colin, C. Wu et al., Decadal changes in the mid-depth water mass dynamic of the Northeastern Atlantic margin (Bay of Biscay), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.364, pp.134-144, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00873429

A. Moreno, I. Cacho, M. Canals, M. A. Prins, M. Sánchez-goñi et al., Abstract, Quaternary Research, vol.2, issue.34, pp.318-328, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD900929
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00293648

A. Moreno, I. Cacho, M. Canals, J. O. Grimalt, M. F. Sánchez-goñi et al., Links between marine and atmospheric processes oscillating on a millennial time-scale. A multi-proxy study of the last 50,000yr from the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea), Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.24, issue.14-15, pp.1623-1636, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.018

I. M. Ovchinnikov, The formation of intermediate water in the Mediterranean, Oceanology, vol.24, pp.168-173, 1984.

J. T. Overpeck, T. Webb, P. , and I. C. , Quantitative Interpretation of Fossil Pollen Spectra: Dissimilarity Coefficients and the Method of Modern Analogs, Quaternary Research, vol.3, issue.01, pp.87-10810, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-6667(69)90011-6

M. Paterne, N. Kallel, L. Labeyrie, M. Vautravers, J. Duplessy et al., Hydrological relationship between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea during the past 15-75 kyr, Hydrological relationship between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea during the past 15?75 kyr, pp.626-63810, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1998PA900022

M. Pérez-folgado, F. J. Sierro, J. A. Flores, I. Cacho, J. O. Grimalt et al., Western Mediterranean planktonic foraminifera events and millennial climatic variability during the last 70 kyr, Marine Micropaleontology, vol.48, issue.1-2, pp.49-7010, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00160-3

N. Pinardi and E. Masetti, Variability of the large scale general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from observations and modelling: a review, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.158, issue.3-4, pp.153-17310, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00048-1

A. M. Piotrowski, A. Galy, J. A. Nicholl, N. L. Roberts, D. J. Wilson et al., Reconstructing deglacial North and South Atlantic deep water sourcing using foraminiferal Nd isotopes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.357, issue.358, pp.289-297, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.036

E. Pons-branchu, E. Douville, M. Roy-barman, E. Dumont, P. Branchu et al., A geochemical perspective on Parisian urban history based on U???Th dating, laminae counting and yttrium and REE concentrations of recent carbonates in underground aqueducts, Quaternary Geochronology, vol.24, pp.44-53, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quageo.2014.08.001

W. L. Prell, Stability of low-latitude sea-surface temperatures: an evaluation of the CLIMAP reconstruction with emphasis on the positive SST anomalies, 1985.

P. J. Reimer, E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J. W. Beck, P. G. Blackwell et al., IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0???50,000 Years cal BP, S. M., and van der Plicht, J.: IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0?50,000 Years cal BP, pp.1869-1887, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.017
URL : https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/download/3569/3082

M. Revel, C. Colin, S. Bernasconi, N. Combourieu-nebout, E. Ducassou et al., 21,000??Years of Ethiopian African monsoon variability recorded in sediments of the western Nile deep-sea fan, Regional Environmental Change, vol.57, issue.372, pp.1685-169610, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s10113-014-0588-x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00836300

M. Revel, E. Ducassou, C. Skonieczny, C. Colin, L. Bastian et al., 000 years of Nile River dynamics and environmental changes in the Nile catchment area as inferred from Nile upper continental slope sediments, Quaternary Sci. Rev, vol.20, issue.130, pp.200-221, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277950

N. L. Roberts, A. M. Piotrowski, J. F. Mcmanus, and L. D. Keigwin, Synchronous Deglacial Overturning and Water Mass Source Changes, Science, vol.410, issue.6832, pp.75-7810, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/35074059

M. Rodrigo-gámiz, F. Martínez-ruiz, S. W. Rampen, S. Schouten, S. Damsté et al., Sea surface temperature variations in the western Mediterranean Sea over the last 20 kyr: A dual-organic proxy (U K 37 and LDI) approach, Paleoceanography, Clim. Past, vol.2917, issue.13, pp.87-98, 2017.

. Dubois-dauphin, Hydrological variations of the intermediate water masses Radiogenic isotopes for deciphering terrigenous input provenance in the western Mediterranean, Chem. Geol, vol.410, pp.237-250, 2015.

M. Rogerson, E. J. Rohling, P. P. Weaver, M. , and J. W. , Glacial to interglacial changes in the settling depth of the Mediterranean Outflow plume, Paleoceanography, vol.15, issue.24, pp.10-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2004PA001106

M. Rogerson, E. J. Rohling, and P. P. Weaver, Promotion of meridional overturning by Mediterranean-derived salt during the last deglaciation, Paleoceanography, vol.162, issue.24, pp.1-810, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2004PA001106

M. Rogerson, I. Cacho, F. Jimenez-espejo, M. I. Reguera, F. J. Sierro et al., A dynamic explanation for the origin of the western Mediterranean organic-rich layers, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.43, issue.1, pp.10-1029, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2007GC001936

E. J. Rohling, Review and new aspects concerning the formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels, Marine Geology, vol.122, issue.1-2, pp.1-2810, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-3227(94)90202-X

E. J. Rohling, F. J. Jorissen, and H. C. De-stigter, 200 Year interruption of Holocene sapropel formation in the Adriatic Sea, Journal of Micropalaeontology, vol.16, issue.2, pp.97-108, 1997.
DOI : 10.1144/jm.16.2.97

E. J. Rohling, P. A. Mayewski, R. H. Abu-zied, J. S. Casford, and A. Hayes, Holocene atmosphere-ocean interactions: records from Greenland and the Aegean Sea, Clim. Dynam, vol.18, pp.587-59310, 2002.

E. J. Rohling, M. Sprovieri, T. Cane, J. S. Casford, S. Cooke et al., Reconstructing past planktic foraminiferal habitats using stable isotope data: a case history for Mediterranean sapropel S5, Marine Micropaleontology, vol.50, issue.1-2, pp.89-12310, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00068-9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00170802

E. J. Rohling, G. Marino, and K. M. Grant, Mediterranean climate and oceanography, and the periodic development of anoxic events (sapropels), Earth-Science Rev, pp.62-97, 2015.

M. Rossignol-strick, W. Nesteroff, P. Olive, and C. Vergnaud-grazzini, After the deluge: Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel formation, Nature, vol.60, issue.5845, pp.105-11010, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/295105a0

C. Sammari, C. Millot, I. Taupier-letage, A. Stefani, and M. Brahim, Hydrological characteristics in the Tunisia?Sardinia?Sicily area during spring 1995, Deep-Sea Res, Pt. I, vol.46, issue.99, pp.1671-1703, 1999.

J. L. Sarmiento, T. Herbert, and J. R. Toggweiler, Mediterranean nutrient balance and episodes of anoxia, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.2, issue.6, pp.427-44410, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/GB002i004p00427

M. Sánchez-goñi, I. Cacho, J. L. Turon, J. Guiot, F. J. Sierro et al., Synchroneity between marine and terrestrial responses to millennial scale climatic variability during the last glacial period in the Mediterranean region, Clim. Dynam, vol.19, pp.95-10510, 2002.

M. Sarnthein, G. Tetzlaff, B. Koopmann, K. Wolter, and U. Pflaumann, Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and North-West Africa, Nature, vol.18, issue.5829, pp.193-19610, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/293193a0

D. Scheuvens, L. Schütz, K. Kandler, M. Ebert, and S. Weinbruch, Bulk composition of northern African dust and its source sediments ??? A compilation, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.116, pp.170-194, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.08.005

G. Schmiedl, T. Kuhnt, W. Ehrmann, K. C. Emeis, Y. Hamann et al., Climatic forcing of eastern Mediterranean deep-water formation and benthic ecosystems during the past 22??000 years, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.29, issue.23-24, pp.3006-3020, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.002

J. Schönfeld and R. Zahn, Late Glacial to Holocene history of the Mediterranean Outflow. Evidence from benthic foraminiferal assemblages and stable isotopes at the Portuguese margin, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.159, issue.1-2, pp.85-11110, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00035-3

F. Schott, M. Visbeck, U. Send, J. Fischer, L. Stramma et al., Observations of Deep Convection in the Gulf of Lions , Northern Mediterranean, during the Winter of, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.92, issue.26, pp.505-524, 1991.

K. Schroeder, C. Millot, L. Bengara, B. Ismail, S. Bensi et al., Long-term monitoring programme of the hydrological variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a first overview of the HYDROCHANGES network, Ocean Sci, vol.95194, pp.301-32410, 2013.

A. E. Scrivner, D. Vance, R. , and E. J. , New neodymium isotope data quantify Nile involvement in Mediterranean anoxic episodes, Geology, vol.32, issue.7, p.10, 1130.
DOI : 10.1130/G20419.1

T. M. Shanahan, N. P. Mckay, K. A. Hughen, J. T. Overpeck, B. Otto-bliesner et al., The time-transgressive termination of the African Humid Period, Nature Geoscience, vol.428, issue.2, pp.140-14410, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/ngeo2329

G. Siani, M. Paterne, M. Arnold, E. Bard, B. Metivier et al., Radiocarbon Reservoir Ages in the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, Radiocarbon, vol.28, issue.02, pp.271-280, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S0033822200059075

G. Siani, M. Paterne, E. Michel, R. Sulpizio, A. Sbrana et al., Mediterranean Sea Surface Radiocarbon Reservoir Age Changes Since the Last Glacial Maximum, Science, vol.294, issue.5548, 1917.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1063649

G. Siani, R. Sulpizio, M. Paterne, and A. Sbrana, Tephrostratigraphy study for the last 18,000 C years in a deep-sea sediment sequence for the South Adriatic, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.23, issue.23-24, pp.2485-2500, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.004

G. Siani, M. Magny, M. Paterne, M. Debret, and M. Fontugne, P aleohydrology reconstruction and Holocene climate variability in the South Adriatic Sea, Clim. Past, vol.95194, pp.499-51510, 2013.

F. J. Sierro, D. A. Hodell, J. H. Curtis, J. A. Flores, I. Reguera et al., Impact of iceberg melting on Mediterranean thermohaline circulation during Heinrich events, Paleoceanography, vol.146, issue.12, p.10, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2004PA001051

S. Sparnocchia, G. P. Gasparini, M. Astraldi, M. Borghini, and P. Pistek, Dynamics and mixing of the Eastern Mediterranean outflow in the Tyrrhenian basin, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.20, issue.1-4, pp.301-317, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00088-8

A. J. Spivack and G. J. Wasserburg, Neodymium isotopic composition of the Mediterranean outflow and the eastern North Atlantic, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.52, issue.12, pp.2767-277310, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(88)90144-5

K. Stratford, R. G. Williams, and P. G. Myers, Impact of the circulation on Sapropel Formation in the eastern Mediterranean, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.45, issue.2, pp.683-69510, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GB001157

M. Struiver, P. J. Reimer, and R. Reimer, CALIB 7.0, Radiocarb. Calibration Progr, 2005.

K. Tachikawa, M. Roy-barman, A. Michard, D. Thouron, D. Yeghicheyan et al., Neodymium isotopes in the Mediterranean Sea: comparison between seawater and sediment signals, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.68, issue.14, pp.3095-3106, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2004.01.024
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01463330

K. Tachikawa, A. M. Piotrowski, and G. Bayon, Neodymium associated with foraminiferal carbonate as a recorder of seawater isotopic signatures, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.88, pp.1-13, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.027
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01463318

T. Tanaka, S. Togashi, H. Kamioka, H. Amakawa, H. Kagami et al., JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium, Chemical Geology, vol.168, issue.3-4, pp.279-28110, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00198-4

K. Tachikawa, L. Vidal, M. Cornuault, M. Garcia, A. Pothin et al., Eastern Mediterranean Sea circulation inferred from the conditions of S1 sapropel deposition, Clim. Past, vol.115194, pp.855-86710, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01232262

M. Taviani, L. Angeletti, S. Canese, R. Cannas, F. Cardone et al., The ???Sardinian cold-water coral province??? in the context of the Mediterranean coral ecosystems, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
DOI : 10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.12.008

R. C. Thunell and D. F. Williams, Glacial???Holocene salinity changes in the Mediterranean Sea: hydrographic and depositional effects, Nature, vol.338, issue.6215, pp.493-496, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/338493a0

S. Toucanne, G. Jouet, E. Ducassou, M. A. Bassetti, B. Dennielou et al., 000-year record of Levantine Intermediate Water flow variability in the Corsica Trough, western Mediterranean Sea, Quaternary Sci. Rev, vol.130, issue.33, pp.55-73, 2012.

D. Vance, A. E. Scrivner, P. T. Beney, L. F. Robinson, and J. F. Adkins, The use of foraminifera as a record of the past neodymium isotope composition of seawater , Paleoceanography, 19, PA2009, doi:10 Deep-sea coral aragonite as a recorder for the neodymium isotopic composition of seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac, vol.74, pp.6014-6032, 1029.

A. H. Voelker, S. M. Lebreiro, J. Schönfeld, I. Cacho, H. Erlenkeuser et al., Mediterranean outflow strengthening during northern hemisphere coolings: A salt source for the glacial Atlantic?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.245, issue.1-2, pp.39-55, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.014

A. J. Weaver, O. A. Saenko, P. U. Clark, and J. X. Mitrovica, Meltwater Pulse 1A from Antarctica as a Trigger of the Bolling-Allerod Warm Interval, Science, vol.299, issue.5613, pp.1709-171310, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1081002

S. Weldeab, K. Emeis, C. Hemleben, and W. Siebel, Provenance of lithogenic surface sediments and pathways of riverine suspended matter in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: evidence from 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios, Chemical Geology, vol.186, issue.1-2, pp.139-14910, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00415-6

S. Weldeab, V. Menke, and G. Schmiedl, The pace of East African monsoon evolution during the Holocene, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.29, issue.11-12, pp.1724-173110, 2014.
DOI : 10.1029/2011GL047805

C. Wienberg, N. Frank, K. N. Mertens, J. W. Stuut, M. Marchant et al., Glacial cold-water coral growth in the Gulf of C??diz: Implications of increased palaeo-productivity, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.298, issue.3-4, pp.405-416, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.08.017

Q. Wu, C. Colin, Z. Liu, F. Thil, Q. Dubois-dauphin et al., Neodymium isotopic composition in foraminifera and authigenic phases of the South China Sea sediments: Implications for the hydrology of the North Pacific Ocean over the past 25 kyr, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.119, issue.344, pp.3883-390410, 1002.
DOI : 10.1002/2013JC009587
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01463315