K. Image, J) of the AIS from a neuron treated with vehicle, fixed, and labeled for ankG CTer (green) and ßIV-spectrin SD (magenta)

R. Bennett, V. , L. , and D. N. , Spectrin- and Ankyrin-Based Membrane Domains and the Evolution of Vertebrates, Curr. Top. Membr, vol.72, pp.1-37, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-417027-8.00001-5

V. Bennett, J. Davis, F. , and W. E. , Brain spectrin, a membrane-associated protein related in structure and function to erythrocyte spectrin, Nature, vol.96, issue.5879, pp.126-131, 1982.
DOI : 10.1038/299126a0

A. Bré-chet, M. Fache, A. Brachet, G. Ferracci, A. Baude et al., Protein kinase CK2 contributes to the organization of sodium channels in axonal membranes by regulating their interactions with ankyrin G, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.267, issue.6, pp.1101-1114, 2008.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.143.5.1295

D. 'este, E. Kamin, D. Gö-ttfert, F. El-hady, A. Hell et al., STED nanoscopy reveals the ubiquity of subcortical cytoskeleton periodicity in living neurons, Cell Rep, vol.10, pp.1246-1251, 2015.

J. Q. Davis, S. Lambert, and V. Bennett, Molecular composition of the node of Ranvier: identification of ankyrin- binding cell adhesion molecules neurofascin (mucin+/third FNIII domain- ) and NrCAM at nodal axon segments, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.135, issue.5, 1996.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.135.5.1355

M. S. Grubb and J. Burrone, Building and maintaining the axon initial segment, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.20, issue.4, pp.481-488, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.conb.2010.04.012

M. S. Grubb and J. Burrone, Activity-dependent relocation of the axon initial segment fine-tunes neuronal excitability, Nature, vol.9, issue.7301, pp.1070-1074, 2010.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020862

K. L. Hedstrom, X. Xu, Y. Ogawa, R. Frischknecht, C. I. Seidenbecher et al., Neurofascin assembles a specialized extracellular matrix at the axon initial segment, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.19, issue.5, pp.875-886, 2007.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.143.5.1295

K. L. Hedstrom, Y. Ogawa, R. , and M. N. , AnkyrinG is required for maintenance of the axon initial segment and neuronal polarity, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.120, issue.4, pp.635-640, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ncb1603

Z. Iqbal, G. Vandeweyer, M. Van-der-voet, A. M. Waryah, M. Y. Zahoor et al., Homozygous and heterozygous disruptions of ANK3: at the crossroads of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.44, issue.6, 1960.
DOI : 10.1038/ng.2262

A. Iwakura, M. Uchigashima, T. Miyazaki, M. Yamasaki, and M. Watanabe, Lack of Molecular-Anatomical Evidence for GABAergic Influence on Axon Initial Segment of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells by the Pinceau Formation, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.32, issue.27, 2012.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1651-12.2012

S. M. Jenkins and V. Bennett, Ankyrin-G coordinates assembly of the spectrin-based membrane skeleton, voltage-gated sodium channels, and L1 CAMs at Purkinje neuron initial segments, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.143, issue.5, pp.739-746, 2001.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.143.5.1295

P. M. Jenkins, N. Kim, S. L. Jones, W. Tseng, T. M. Svitkina et al., Giant ankyrin-G: A critical innovation in vertebrate evolution of fast and integrated neuronal signaling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.957-964, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/ng.209

S. L. Jones, F. Korobova, and T. Svitkina, Axon initial segment cytoskeleton comprises a multiprotein submembranous coat containing sparse actin filaments, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.81, issue.1, pp.67-81, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.021

S. Kaech and G. Banker, Culturing hippocampal neurons, Nature Protocols, vol.31, issue.5, pp.2406-2415, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90434-D

L. C. Kapitein and C. C. Hoogenraad, Which way to go? Cytoskeletal organization and polarized transport in neurons, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol.46, issue.1, pp.9-20, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.08.015

L. Bras, B. , A. Czarnecki, A. Legendre, P. Bullier et al., In vivo assembly of the axon initial segment in motor neurons, Brain Structure and Function, vol.69, issue.Pt 1, pp.1433-1450, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.021
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01542732

C. Leterrier and B. Dargent, No Pasaran! Role of the axon initial segment in the regulation of protein transport and the maintenance of axonal identity, Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, vol.27, pp.44-51, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.11.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01701549

A. Touati and B. Dargent, End-binding proteins EB3 and EB1 link microtubules to ankyrin G in the axon initial segment, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.8826-8831, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01701551

M. P. Leussis, J. M. Madison, and T. L. Petryshen, Ankyrin 3: genetic association with bipolar disorder and relevance to disease pathophysiology, Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, vol.2, issue.1, 2012.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.19.10116

D. N. Lorenzo, A. Badea, J. Davis, J. Hostettler, J. He et al., A PIK3C3???Ankyrin-B???Dynactin pathway promotes axonal growth and multiorganelle transport, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.35, issue.6, pp.735-752, 2014.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.201407063.dv

M. Maglione and S. J. Sigrist, Seeing the forest tree by tree: super-resolution light microscopy meets the neurosciences, Nature Neuroscience, vol.186, issue.7, pp.790-797, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.201200853

C. Nakada, K. Ritchie, Y. Oba, M. Nakamura, Y. Hotta et al., Accumulation of anchored proteins forms membrane diffusion barriers during neuronal polarization, Nature Cell Biology, vol.20, issue.7, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/bi00521a027

E. A. Normand, R. , and M. N. , Subcellular Patterning: Axonal Domains with Specialized Structure and Function, Developmental Cell, vol.32, issue.4, pp.459-468, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.017
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.017

J. D. Petersen, S. Kaech, and G. Banker, Selective Microtubule-Based Transport of Dendritic Membrane Proteins Arises in Concert with Axon Specification, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.34, issue.12, pp.4135-4147, 2014.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3779-13.2014

M. N. Rasband, The axon initial segment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.64, issue.8, pp.552-562, 2010.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010273

L. Redmond, A. H. Kashani, and A. Ghosh, Calcium Regulation of Dendritic Growth via CaM Kinase IV and CREB-Mediated Transcription, Neuron, vol.34, issue.6, pp.999-1010, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00737-7

D. P. Schafer, S. Jha, F. Liu, T. Akella, L. D. Mccullough et al., Disruption of the Axon Initial Segment Cytoskeleton Is a New Mechanism for Neuronal Injury, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.29, issue.42, pp.13242-13254, 2009.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3376-09.2009

J. Sobotzik, J. M. Sie, C. Politi, D. Turco, D. Bennett et al., AnkyrinG is required to maintain axo-dendritic polarity in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.17564-17569, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0270(91)90128-M

A. Song, D. Wang, G. Chen, Y. Li, J. Luo et al., A Selective Filter for Cytoplasmic Transport at the Axon Initial Segment, Cell, vol.136, issue.6, pp.1148-1160, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.016

R. Stephan, B. Goellner, E. Moreno, C. A. Frank, T. Hugenschmidt et al., Hierarchical Microtubule Organization Controls Axon Caliber and Transport and Determines Synaptic Structure and Stability, Developmental Cell, vol.33, issue.1, pp.5-21, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.003
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.003

X. Sun, Y. Wu, M. Gu, Z. Liu, Y. Ma et al., Selective filtering defect at the axon initial segment in Alzheimer???s disease mouse models, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.14271-14276, 2014.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.2001.0439

Y. Uemoto, S. Suzuki, N. Terada, N. Ohno, S. Ohno et al., Specific Role of the Truncated ??IV-Spectrin ??6 in Sodium Channel Clustering at Axon Initial Segments and Nodes of Ranvier, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.269, issue.9, pp.6548-6555, 2007.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.271.12.6636

K. Watanabe, S. Al-bassam, Y. Miyazaki, T. J. Wandless, P. Webster et al., Networks of Polarized Actin Filaments in the Axon Initial Segment Provide a Mechanism for Sorting Axonal and Dendritic Proteins, Cell Reports, vol.2, issue.6, pp.1546-1553, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.11.015

L. E. Westrum and E. G. Gray, Microtubules and membrane specializations, Brain Research, vol.105, issue.3, pp.547-550, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90601-6

B. Winckler, P. Forscher, and I. Mellman, A diffusion barrier maintains distribution of membrane proteins in polarized neurons, Nature, vol.20, issue.6721, pp.698-701, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80468-7

K. Xu, G. Zhong, and X. Zhuang, Actin, Spectrin, and Associated Proteins Form a Periodic Cytoskeletal Structure in Axons, Science, vol.68, issue.5, pp.452-456, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.021

Y. Yang, Y. Ogawa, K. L. Hedstrom, R. , and M. N. , betaIV spectrin is recruited to axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier by ankyrinG, 2007.

G. Zhong, J. He, R. Zhou, D. Lorenzo, H. P. Babcock et al., Author response image 1. Author response, eLife, vol.143, p.4581, 2014.
DOI : 10.7554/eLife.04581.025