C. Carpine and M. Grasshoff, Monaco: Bulletin de L'Institut océanographique, vol.71, 1975.

G. Santangelo and L. Bramanti, Quantifying the decline in Corallium rubrum populations, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.418, pp.295-297, 2010.

G. Tsounis, S. Rossi, L. Bramanti, and G. Santangelo, Management hurdles for sustainable harvesting of Corallium rubrum, Policy, vol.39, pp.361-364, 2013.

C. G. Jones, J. H. Lawton, and M. Shachak, Organisms as ecosystem engineers, Oikos, vol.69, pp.373-386, 1994.

S. Rossi, G. Tsounis, C. Orejas, T. Padrón, J. Gili et al., Survey of deep-dwelling red coral (Corallium rubrum) populations at Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean), Mar Biol, vol.154, pp.533-545, 2008.

F. Costantini, L. Carlesi, and M. Abbiati, Quantifying spatial genetic structuring in mesophotic populations of the precious coral Corallium rubrum, PLoS One, vol.8, 2013.

C. Priori, V. Mastascusa, F. Erra, M. Angiolillo, S. Canese et al., Demography of deep-dwelling red coral populations: age and reproductive structure of a highly valued marine species, Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, vol.118, pp.43-49, 2013.

L. Bramanti, I. Vielmini, S. Rossi, G. Tsounis, M. Iannelli et al., Demographic parameters of two populations of red coral (Corallium rubrum L. 1758) in the North Western Mediterranean, Mar Biol, vol.161, pp.1015-1026, 2014.

I. Montero-serra, C. Linares, M. García, F. Pancaldi, M. Frleta-vali? et al., Harvesting effects, recovery mechanisms, and management strategies for a long-lived and structural precious coral, PLoS One, vol.10, p.25706556, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01219672

H. Zibrowius, M. Marques, V. , and G. M. La, Repartition du Corallium rubrum dans l'Atlantique, vol.11, pp.163-170, 1984.

D. Pauly, Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries, Trends Ecol Evol, vol.10, p.21237093, 1995.

H. K. Alleway and S. D. Connell, Loss of an ecological baseline through the eradication of oyster reefs from coastal ecosystems and human memory, Conserv Biol, vol.29, p.25588455, 2015.

J. Gonçalves, L. Bentes, R. Coelho, P. Monteiro, J. Ribeiro et al., Non-commercial invertebrate discards in an experimental trammel net fishery, Fisheries Manag Ecol, vol.15, pp.199-210, 2008.

P. N. Boury-esnault, J. Harmelin, M. Ledoyer, L. Saldanha, and H. Zibrowius, Peuplement benthique des grottes sous-marines de Sagres, vol.6, pp.15-38, 2001.

. Inrh, Etat des Stocks et des Pêcheries au Maroc 2013. Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, 2013.

J. Lopes, . Corografia-ou-memória-económica, . Estadística, and . Topográfica-do-reino-do-algarve, Available at https://books.google.pt/books?id = m40DAAAAYAAJ&printsec = frontcover&hl = pt-BR&source = gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v = onepage&q&f = false, p.22, 2014.

A. A. Baldaque-da-silva, Available at https://books.google.pt/books?hl = pt-BR&id = i-JaAAAAQAAJ&dq= Estado+Actual+Das+Pescas+Em+Portugal+Compreendendo+a+Pesca+Mar%C3%ADtima%2C +Fluvial+E+Lacustre+Em+Todo+O+Continente+Do+Reino%2C+Referido+Eo+Anno+de +1886&focus = searchwithinvolume&q = coral, Pages, vol.20, p.20, 2014.

V. Rau and F. Bartolomeo-di-iacopo-di-ser-vanni-mercador-banqueiro, estante" em Lisboa nos meados do século XV, Also available at Cátedra de Estudos Sefarditas Alberto Benveniste, Universidade de Lisboa at, vol.IV, p.23, 1971.

V. Rau, . Aspectos, &. Trato, and . Da, Adiça" e da "Pescaria" do "Coral" nos Finais do Século XV, pp.143-157, 1972.

M. Henricina, Comissão Executiva das Comemorações do V Centenário da Morte do Infante D. Henrique. Coimbra, PA171&lpg=RA4PA171&dq = infante+d+henrique+pesca+coral&source = bl&ots=1-XRYvmpLA&sig= 1KEoyXUrXB3z5OpDQpVj-YMemx0&hl = en&sa=X&ei=CottVb3LC8L9UrDZgYgM&ved= 0CCMQ6AEwAA#v = onepage&q = infante%20d%20henrique%20pesca%20coral&f = false, vol.X, pp.389-412, 1969.

D. Lobo and C. B. , Available at https://books.google.pt/books?id=0QAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA336&lpg=PA336&dq = pesca+portugal+usos+cov%C3%A3os&source = bl&ots = kvS8uKnxLh&sig=7bszSBclCsWAG2T5fxOWvllWjVQ&hl = en&sa=X&ei = xU9oVajsCcXbU6XwgPgP&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v = onepage&q = pesca%20portugal%20usos% 20cov%C3%A3os&f = false, vol.IV, p.336, 1812.

G. Tsounis, S. Rossi, R. Grigg, G. Santangelo, L. Bramanti et al., The exploitation and conservation of precious corals, Oceanogr Mar Biol, vol.48, pp.161-212, 2010.

A. T. Tozzeti, La pesca nei mari d'Italia e la pesca all'estero esercitata da italiani. Esposizione internazionale di pesca in Berlino, 1880 Sezione italiana Catalogo degli espositori e delle cose esposte

P. K. Dayton, M. J. Tegner, P. B. Edwards, and K. L. Riser, Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities, Ecol Appl, vol.8, pp.309-322, 1998.

A. Sáenz-arroyo, C. M. Roberts, J. Torre, M. Cariño-olvera, and J. P. Hawkins, The value of evidence about past abundance: Marine fauna of the Gulf of California through the eyes of 16th to 19th century travellers, Fish Fish, vol.7, pp.128-146, 2006.

L. Mcclenachan and A. B. Cooper, Extinction rate, historical population structure and ecological role of the Caribbean monk seal, Proc Biol Sci, vol.275, pp.1351-1358, 2008.

D. Al-abdulrazzak, R. Naidoo, M. Palomares, and P. D. , Gaining perspective on what we've lost: the reliability of encoded anecdotes in historical ecology, PLoS One, vol.7, pp.1-5, 2012.

F. Oliveira, P. Monteiro, L. Bentes, N. S. Henriques, R. Aguilar et al., Marine litter in the upper São Vicente submarine canyon (SW Portugal): Abundance, distribution, composition and fauna interactions, Mar Pollut Bull, vol.97, p.26051154, 2015.

J. B. Boavida, J. Assis, J. Reed, E. A. Serrão, and J. Gonçalves, Comparison of small remotely operated vehicles and diver-operated video of circalittoral benthos, Hydrobiologia, vol.766, pp.247-260, 2015.

L. Henry and J. M. Roberts, Recommendations for best practice in deep-sea habitat classification: Bullimore et al. as a case study, ICES J Mar Sci, vol.71, pp.895-898, 2014.

J. K. Reed, D. C. Weaver, and S. A. Pomponi, Habitat and fauna of deep-water Lophelia pertusa coral reefs off the Southeastern, Bull Mar Sci, vol.78, pp.343-375, 2006.

A. Tursi, F. Mastrototaro, A. Matarrese, P. Maiorano, D. Onghia et al., Biodiversity of the white coral reefs in the Ionian Sea (central Mediterranean), Chem Ecol, vol.20, p.0275754031000, 2004.

, GFCM General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Second transversal workshop on red coral Ajaccio, pp.5-7, 2011.

M. Angiolillo, A. Gori, S. Canese, M. Bo, C. Priori et al., Distribution and population structure of deep-dwelling red coral in the Northwest Mediterranean, Mar Ecol, 2015.

D. A. Brazeau and H. R. Lasker, Inter-and intraspecific variation in gorgonian colony morphology: quantifying branching patterns in arborescent animals, Coral Reefs, vol.7, pp.139-143, 1988.

G. Tsounis, S. Rossi, J. Gili, and W. E. Arntz, Red coral fishery at the Costa Brava (NW Mediterranean): case study of an overharvested precious coral, Ecosystems, vol.10, pp.975-986, 2007.

C. Marschal, J. Garrabou, J. Harmelin, and M. Pichon, A new method for measuring growth and age in the precious red coral Corallium rubrum (L.), Coral Reefs, vol.23, pp.423-432, 2004.

D. Vielzeuf, J. Garrabou, A. Baronnet, O. Grauby, and C. Marschal, Nano to macroscale biomineral architecture of red coral (Corallium rubrum), Am Mineral, vol.93, pp.1799-1815, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00386937

B. Winnepenninckx, T. Backeljau, D. Wachter, and R. , Extraction of high molecular weight DNA from molluscs, Trends Genet, vol.9, p.8122306, 1993.

J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritschi, and T. Maniatis, Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 1989.

A. Drummond, B. Ashton, S. Buxton, M. Cheung, A. Cooper et al., , 2011.

H. J. Bandelt, P. Forster, and A. Röhl, Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies, Mol Biol Evol, vol.16, pp.37-48, 1999.

P. Relvas and E. D. Barton, Mesoscale patterns in the Cape São Vicente (Iberian Peninsula) upwelling region, J Geophys Res, vol.107, p.3164, 2002.

H. Zibrowius and M. Taviani, Remarkable sessile fauna associated with deep coral and other calcareous substrates in the Strait of Sicily, Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems, pp.807-819, 2005.

G. Tsounis, S. Rossi, J. Gili, and W. E. Arntz, Population structure of an exploited benthic cnidarian: the case study of red coral (Corallium rubrum L.), Mar Biol, vol.149, pp.1059-1070, 2006.

I. Gallmetzer, A. Haselmair, and B. Velimirov, Slow growth and early sexual maturity: bane and boon for the red coral Corallium rubrum, Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, vol.90, pp.1-10, 2010.

M. García-rodríguez and C. Massò, Estudio biométrico de poblaciones de coral rojo (Corallium rubrum L.) del litoral de Gerona (NE de España), Bol Inst Esp Oceanogr, vol.3, pp.61-64, 1986.

S. Sartoretto and P. Francour, Bathymetric distribution and growth rates of Eunicella verrucosa (Cnidaria: Gorgoniidae) populations along the Marseilles coast (France), Sci Mar, vol.76, pp.349-355, 2012.

C. L. Doughty, A. M. Quattrini, and E. E. Cordes, Insights into the population dynamics of the deep-sea coral genus Paramuricea in the Gulf of Mexico, Deep Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr, vol.99, pp.71-82, 2014.

G. Santangelo, R. Cupido, S. Cocito, L. Bramanti, C. Priori et al., Effects of increased mortality on gorgonian corals (Cnidaria, Octocorallia): different demographic features may lead affected populations to unexpected recovery and new equilibrium points, Hydrobiologia, vol.759, pp.171-187, 2015.

J. Garrabou and J. Harmelin, A 20-year study on life-history traits of a harvested long-lived temperate coral in the NW Mediterranean: insights into conservation and management needs, J Anim Ecol, vol.71, pp.966-978, 2002.

J. Movilla, C. Orejas, E. Calvo, A. Gori, À. López-sanz et al., Differential response of two Mediterranean cold-water coral species to ocean acidification, Coral Reefs, vol.33, pp.675-686, 2014.

N. Gotelli, Determinants of recruitment, juvenile growth, and spatial distribution of a shallow-water gorgonian, Ecology, vol.69, pp.157-166, 1988.

N. Gotelli, Demographic models for Leptogorgia virgulata, a shallow-water gorgonian, Ecology, vol.72, pp.457-467, 1991.

H. R. Lasker, Population growth of a gorgonian coral: equilibrium and non-equilibrium sensitivity to changes in life history variables, Oecologia, vol.86, pp.503-509, 1991.

H. R. Lasker, K. Kim, and M. A. Coffroth, Production, settlement, and survival of plexaurid gorgonian recruits, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.162, pp.111-123, 1998.

C. Linares, D. F. Doak, R. Coma, D. Díaz, and M. Zabala, Life history and viability of a long-lived marine invertebrate: the octocoral Paramuricea clavata, Ecology, vol.88, pp.918-928, 2007.

F. Mineur, F. Arenas, J. F. Assis, A. J. Davies, A. H. Engelen et al., European seaweeds under pressure: Consequences for communities and ecosystem functioning, J Sea Res, vol.98, pp.91-108, 2014.

F. Costantini, S. Rossi, E. Pintus, C. Cerrano, J. Gili et al., Low connectivity and declining genetic variability along a depth gradient in Corallium rubrum populations, Coral Reefs, vol.30, pp.991-1003, 2011.

G. Bavestrello, M. Bo, M. Bertolino, F. Betti, and R. Cattaneo-vietti, Long-term comparison of structure and dynamics of the red coral metapopulation of the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea): a case-study for a Marine Protected Area in the Mediterranean Sea, Mar Ecol, vol.36, pp.1-10, 2014.

P. Cárdenas, H. T. Rapp, A. B. Klitgaard, M. Best, M. Thollesson et al., biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region, Zool J Linn Soc, vol.169, pp.251-311, 2013.

K. Robert, D. Jones, and V. Huvenne, Megafaunal distribution and biodiversity in a heterogeneous landscape: the iceberg-scoured Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.501, pp.67-88, 2014.

G. Reverdin, P. P. Niiler, and H. Valdimarsson, North Atlantic Ocean surface currents, J Geophys Res, vol.108, pp.1-21, 2003.

Á. Peliz, J. Dubert, A. Santos, P. B. Oliveira, L. Cann et al., Winter upper ocean circulation in the Western Iberian Basin-Fronts, Eddies and Poleward Flows: an overview, Deep Res Part I Oceanogr Res Pap, vol.52, pp.621-646, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00308731

B. Horta-e-costa, J. F. Assis, G. Franco, K. Erzini, M. Henriques et al., Tropicalization of fish assemblages in temperate biogeographic transition zones, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.504, pp.241-252, 2014.

L. Henry, J. Vad, H. S. Findlay, J. Murillo, R. Milligan et al., Environmental variability and biodiversity of megabenthos on the Hebrides Terrace Seamount, Northeast Atlantic). Sci Rep, vol.4, p.5589, 2014.

C. Cerrano, R. Danovaro, C. Gambi, A. Pusceddu, A. Riva et al., Gold coral (Savalia savaglia) and gorgonian forests enhance benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the mesophotic zone, Biodivers Conserv, vol.19, pp.153-167, 2010.

A. L. Castric-fey and . Scléractiniaire, Dendrophyllia cornigera en eau peu profonde, à Ouessant (Bretagne, Atlantique NE) en l'absence de barrière thermique, Oceanol Acta, vol.19, pp.665-671, 1996.

A. Gori, S. Reynaud, C. Orejas, and C. Ferrier-pagès, The influence of flow velocity and temperature on zooplankton capture rates by the cold-water coral Dendrophyllia cornigera, J Exp Mar Bio Ecol, vol.466, pp.92-97, 2015.

R. Haynes, E. D. Barton, and I. Pilling, Development, persistence and variability of upwelling filaments off the Atlantic Coast of the Iberian Peninsula, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.98, pp.22681-22692, 1993.

P. Morais, T. C. Borges, V. Carnall, P. Terrinha, C. Cooper et al., Trawl-induced bottom disturbances off the south coast of Portugal: direct observations by the "Delta" manned-submersible on the Submarine Canyon of Portimão, Mar Ecol, vol.28, pp.112-122, 2007.

N. Pinardi and E. Mosetti, Variability of the large-scale general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from observations and modelling: a review, Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclim Palaeoecol, vol.158, pp.153-174, 2000.

J. T. Allen, D. A. Smeed, and J. Tintore, Mesoscale subduction at the Almeria-Oran front Part 1: Ageostrophic flow, J Mar Syst, vol.30, pp.263-285, 2001.

D. Aurelle, J. Ledoux, C. Rocher, P. Borsa, A. Chenuil et al., Phylogeography of the red coral (Corallium rubrum): inferences on the evolutionary history of a temperate gorgonian, Genetica, vol.139, pp.855-69, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01790624

T. Patarnello, F. Volckaert, and R. Castilho, Pillars of Hercules: is the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition a phylogeographical break?, Mol Ecol, vol.16, pp.4426-4470, 2007.

J. Garrabou, T. Perez, S. Sartoretto, and J. Harmelin, Mass mortality event in red coral Corallium rubrum populations in the Provence region, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.217, pp.263-272, 2001.

G. Russ, K. Miller, J. Rizzari, and A. Alcala, Long-term no-take marine reserve and benthic habitat effects on coral reef fishes, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.529, pp.233-248, 2015.

A. W. Bruckner, Rate and extent of decline in Corallium (pink and red coral) populations: existing data meet the requirements for a CITES Appendix II listing, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.397, pp.319-332, 2009.

T. C. Borges, K. Erzini, L. Bentes, M. E. Costa, J. Gonçalves et al., By-catch and discarding practices in five Algarve (Southern Portugal) métiers, J Appl Ichthyol, vol.17, pp.104-114, 2001.

M. Slattery, M. P. Lesser, D. A. Brazeau, M. D. Stokes, and J. J. Leichter, Connectivity and stability of mesophotic coral reefs, J Exp Mar Bio Ecol, vol.408, pp.32-41, 2011.

R. Nemeth, Population characteristics of a recovering US Virgin Islands red hind spawning aggregation following protection, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.286, pp.81-97, 2005.

L. Watling and E. A. Norse, Disturbance of the seabed forest by mobile fishing gear: a comparison with forest clearcutting, Conserv Biol, vol.12, pp.1180-1197, 1998.

J. Hall-spencer, V. Allain, and J. H. Fosså, Trawling damage to Northeast Atlantic ancient coral reefs, Proc Biol Sci, vol.269, pp.507-518, 2002.

J. K. Reed, C. C. Koenig, and A. N. Shepard, Impacts of bottom trawling on a deep-water Oculina coral ecosystem off Florida, Bull Mar Sci, vol.81, pp.481-496, 2007.

Í. Sampaio, A. Braga-henriques, C. Pham, O. Ocaña, V. De-matos et al., Cold-water corals landed by bottom longline fisheries in the Azores (north-eastern Atlantic), J Mar Biol Assoc United Kingdom, vol.92, pp.1547-1555, 2012.

G. Santangelo, E. Carletti, M. E. Bramanti, and L. , Reproduction and population sexual structure of the overexploited Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.248, pp.99-108, 2003.

O. Torrents, J. Garrabou, C. Marschal, and J. Harmelin, Age and size at first reproduction in the commercially exploited red coral Corallium rubrum (L.) in the Marseilles area, Biol Conserv, vol.121, pp.391-397, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00093827

B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, and C. Bradshaw, Synergies among extinction drivers under global change, Trends Ecol Evol, vol.23, p.18582986, 2008.

M. Vázquez-rodríguez, F. F. Pérez, A. Velo, A. F. Ríos, and H. Mercier, Observed acidification trends in North Atlantic water masses, Biogeosciences, vol.9, pp.5217-5230, 2012.

C. Cerrano, U. Cardini, S. Bianchelli, C. Corinaldesi, A. Pusceddu et al., Red coral extinction risk enhanced by ocean acidification, Sci Rep, vol.3, p.1457, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/srep01457

URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/srep01457.pdf

L. Bramanti, J. Movilla, M. Guron, E. Calvo, A. Gori et al., Detrimental effects of ocean acidification on the economically important Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum), Glob Chang Biol, vol.19, p.23505003, 2013.

J. F. Assis, C. Coelho, N. , A. F. Valero, M. Raimondi et al., High and distinct range-edge genetic diversity despite local bottlenecks, PLoS One, vol.8, p.68646, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0068646

URL : https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0068646&type=printable