The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXIV. A planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ 163, with a super-Earth possibly in the habitable zone
Résumé
The meter-per-second precision achieved by today's velocimeters enables us to search for 1-10 M-circle plus planets in the habitable zone of cool stars. This paper reports on the detection of three planets orbiting GJ 163 (HIP 19394), a M3 dwarf monitored by our ESO/HARPS search for planets. We made use of the HARPS spectrograph to collect 150 radial velocities of GJ 163 over a period of eight years. We searched the radial-velocity time series for coherent signals and found five distinct periodic variabilities. We investigated the stellar activity and called into question the planetary interpretation for two signals. Before more data can be acquired we concluded that at least three planets are orbiting GJ 163. They have orbital periods of P-b = 8.632 +/- 0.002, P-c = 25.63 +/- 0.03, and P-d = 604 +/- 8 days and minimum masses m sin i = 10.6 +/- 0.6, 6.8 +/- 0.9, and 29 +/- 3 M-circle plus, respectively. We hold our interpretations for the two additional signals with periods P-(e) = 19.4 and P-(f) = 108 days. The inner pair presents an orbital period ratio of 2.97, but a dynamical analysis of the system shows that it lays outside the 3:1 mean motion resonance. The planet GJ 163c, in particular, is a super-Earth with an equilibrium temperature of T-eq = (302 +/- 10)(1-A)(1/4) K and may lie in the so-called habitable zone for albedo values (A = 0.34-0.89) moderately higher than that of Earth (A(circle plus) = 0.2-0.3).