C. Andrié, P. Jean-baptiste, and L. Merlivat, Tritium and helium 3 in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean during the 1983 TOPOGULF cruise, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.6, issue.7, pp.511-1210, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/JC093iC10p12511

A. E. Bainbridge, Tritium in the north Pacific surface water, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.6, issue.13, pp.3785-3789, 1963.
DOI : 10.1029/JZ068i013p03785

G. Bonisch and P. Schlosser, Deep water formation and exchange rates in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas and the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean derived from tracer balances, Progress in Oceanography, vol.35, issue.1, pp.29-52, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0079-6611(95)00004-Z

S. Bony and K. A. Emanuel, A Parameterization of the Cloudiness Associated with Cumulus Convection; Evaluation Using TOGA COARE Data, 058<3158:APOTCA>2.0.CO, pp.3158-3183, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<3158:APOTCA>2.0.CO;2

S. Bony, C. Risi, and F. Vimeux, Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (í µí»¿ 18 O and í µí»¿D) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 1. Radiative-convective equilibrium and Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere-Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) simulations, J. Geophys. Res, vol.113, p.1930510, 1029.

V. T. Bowen and W. Roether, Vertical distributions of strontium 90, cesium 137, and tritium near 45?? north in the Atlantic, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.73, issue.6, pp.6277-628510, 1973.
DOI : 10.1029/JC078i027p06277

W. S. Broecker, T. H. Peng, and G. Ostlund, The distribution of bomb tritium in the ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.49, issue.C12, pp.331-1410, 1986.
DOI : 10.1029/JC091iC12p14331

A. Cauquoin, P. Jean-baptiste, C. Risi, É. Fourré, B. Stenni et al., The global distribution of natural tritium in precipitation simulated with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model and comparison with observations, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.427, pp.160-170, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.043

M. Chadwick, ENDF/B-VII.1 Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields and Decay Data, Nuclear Data Sheets, vol.112, issue.12, pp.2887-2996, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nds.2011.11.002

G. P. Compo, The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.25, issue.654, pp.1-28, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.776

URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2434/167622

P. Constant, L. Poissant, and R. Villemur, Tropospheric H2 budget and the response of its soil uptake under the changing environment, Science of The Total Environment, vol.407, issue.6, pp.1809-1823, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.064

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00819952

H. Craig and D. Lal, The production rate of natural tritium, Tellus, pp.85-105, 1961.

M. Diallo, B. Legras, and A. Chédin, Age of stratospheric air in the ERA-Interim, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.121545194, issue.12, pp.133-1210, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01110318

H. G. Dorsey and W. H. Peterson, Tritium in the Arctic Ocean and East Greenland Current, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.32, issue.2, pp.342-35010, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(76)90074-1

E. Dreisigacker and W. Roether, Tritium and90Sr in North Atlantic surface water, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.38, issue.2, pp.301-31210, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(78)90104-8

J. Dufresne, Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth System Model: from CMIP3 to CMIP5, Climate Dynamics, vol.23, issue.13, pp.2123-2165, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-012-1636-1

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00794170

D. H. Ehhalt, F. Rohrer, S. Schauffler, and W. Pollock, Tritiated water vapor in the stratosphere: Vertical profiles and residence time, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.27, issue.D24, pp.475710-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001343

J. Eluszkiewicz, R. S. Hemler, J. D. Mahlman, L. Bruhwiler, and L. L. Takacs, Sensitivity of Age-of-Air Calculations to the Choice of Advection Scheme, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.57, issue.19, pp.3185-3201, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<3185:SOAOAC>2.0.CO;2

K. A. Emanuel, A Scheme for Representing Cumulus Convection in Large-Scale Models, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, issue.21, pp.2313-2329, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<2313:ASFRCC>2.0.CO;2

E. Eriksson, An account of the major pulses of tritium and their effects in the atmosphere, Tellus, vol.17, issue.1, pp.118-130, 1965.

E. Fourré, P. Jean-baptiste, A. Dapoigny, D. Baumier, J. Petit et al., Past and recent tritium levels in Arctic and Antarctic polar caps, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.245, issue.1-2, pp.56-64, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.003

A. E. Gargett, G. Östlund, and C. S. Wong, Tritium Time Series from Ocean Station P, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.16, issue.10, pp.1720-1726, 1986.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<1720:TTSFOS>2.0.CO;2

J. R. Gat, W. G. Mook, and H. J. Meijer, Atmospheric water, Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrological Cycle?Principles and Applications Mook, 113 pp., UNESCO?IAEA, 2001.

S. K. Godunov, Finite-difference methods for the numerical computations of equations of gas dynamics, Math. Sb, vol.7, pp.271-290, 1959.

T. M. Hall, D. W. Waugh, K. A. Boering, and R. A. Plumb, Evaluation of transport in stratospheric models, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.127, issue.D15, pp.815-1810, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD900226

J. D. Happell, G. Östlund, and A. S. Mason, A history of atmospheric tritium gas (HT) 1950?, pp.183-193, 2002.

D. A. Hauglustaine and D. H. Ehhalt, A three-dimensional model of molecular hydrogen in the troposphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.105, issue.D17, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001156

V. Hesshaimer, M. Heimann, and I. Levin, Radiocarbon evidence for a smaller oceanic carbon dioxide sink than previously believed, Nature, vol.370, issue.6486, pp.201-203, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/370201a0

URL : http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/6861/

G. Hoffmann, M. Werner, and M. Heimann, Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A study on timescales from days to several years, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.49, issue.125, pp.871-1610, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JD00423

F. Hourdin and A. Armengaud, The Use of Finite-Volume Methods for Atmospheric Advection of Trace Species. Part I: Test of Various Formulations in a General Circulation Model, 127<0822:TUOFVM>2.0.CO, pp.822-83710, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0822:TUOFVM>2.0.CO;2

F. Hourdin, The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection, Climate Dynamics, vol.19, issue.16, pp.787-813, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-006-0158-0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00113202

F. Hourdin, Impact of the LMDZ atmospheric grid configuration on the climate and sensitivity of the IPSL-CM5A coupled model, Climate Dynamics, vol.11, issue.9, pp.2167-2192, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-012-1411-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01096296

A. K. Jain, H. S. Kheshgi, and D. J. Wuebbles, Is there an imbalance in the global budget of bomb-produced radiocarbon?, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.94, issue.D1, pp.1327-133310, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD03092

P. Jean-baptiste, A. Dapoigny, and J. J. Poupeau, North-eastern Atlantic 3 He and tritium data: The BORD-EST expedition 1988. Data Release n ? 6, 1998.

P. Jean-baptiste, W. J. Jenkins, J. C. Dutay, E. Fourré, V. Leboucher et al., Temporally integrated estimate of the Indonesian throughflow using tritium, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.49, issue.21, pp.10-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GL020854

P. Jean-baptiste, D. Baumier, E. Fourré, A. Dapoigny, and B. Clavel, The distribution of tritium in the terrestrial and aquatic environments of the Creys-Malville nuclear power plant (2002???2005), Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol.94, issue.2, pp.107-118, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.01.010

W. J. Jenkins, Tritium-Helium Dating in the Sargasso Sea: A Measurement of Oxygen Utilization Rates, Science, vol.196, issue.4287, pp.291-292, 1977.
DOI : 10.1126/science.196.4287.291

W. J. Jenkins, Tritium and 3 He in the Sargasso Sea, J. Mar. Res, vol.38, pp.533-569, 1980.

W. J. Jenkins, Helium Isotope Laboratory Data Release 3.0: 1981 Results TTO, Tech. Rep, 1989.
DOI : 10.1575/1912/8266

W. J. Jenkins, Tritium and 3 He in the WOCE Pacific Program, Int. WOCE Newslett, vol.23, pp.6-8, 1996.

S. Joussaume, R. Sadourny, and J. Jouzel, A general circulation model of water isotope cycles in the atmosphere, Nature, vol.74, issue.5981, pp.24-2910, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/311024a0

J. Jouzel and L. Merlivat, Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.80, issue.7, pp.749-1110, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/JD089iD07p11749

J. Jouzel, L. Merlivat, M. Pourchet, and C. Lorius, A continuous record of artificial tritium fallout at the South Pole (1954???1978), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.45, issue.1, pp.188-20010, 1954.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(79)90120-1

J. Jouzel, L. Merlivat, D. Mazaudier, M. Pourchet, and C. Lorius, Natural tritium deposition over Antarctica and estimation of the mean global production rate, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.10, issue.19, pp.1191-119410, 1982.
DOI : 10.1029/GL009i010p01191

J. Jouzel, G. L. Russell, R. J. Suozzo, R. D. Koster, J. W. White et al., Simulations of the HDO and H 18 2 O atmospheric cycles using the NASA/GISS general circulation model: The seasonal cycle for present-day conditions, J. Geophys. Res, vol.92760, issue.14, pp.739-1410, 1029.

H. Kakiuchi, N. Momoshima, T. Okai, and Y. Maeda, Tritium concentration in ocean, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol.218, issue.3, pp.523-52610, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02349062

W. W. Kellogg, R. R. Rapp, and S. M. Greenfield, CLOSE-IN FALLOUT, Journal of Meteorology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.1-8, 1957.
DOI : 10.1175/0095-9634-14.1.1

R. D. Koster, W. S. Broecker, J. Jouzel, R. J. Suozzo, G. L. Russell et al., The global geochemistry of bomb-produced tritium: General circulation model compared to available observations and traditional interpretations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.49, issue.139, pp.305-1810, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/JD094iD15p18305

C. Land, J. Feichter, and R. Sausen, Impact of vertical resolution on the transport of passive tracers in the ECHAM4 model, Tellus, pp.344-360, 2002.

E. R. Landa, D. M. Beals, J. E. Halverson, R. L. Michel, and G. R. Cefus, Tritium and Plutonium in Waters from the Bering and Chukchi Seas, Tritium and plutonium in waters from the Bering and Chukchi Seas, pp.668-676, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00004032-199912000-00011

K. R. Lassey, I. G. Enting, and C. M. Trudinger, The Earth's radiocarbon budget. A consistent model of the global carbon and radiocarbon cycles, Tellus, pp.487-501, 1996.

J. Lee, I. Fung, D. J. Depaolo, and C. C. Henning, Analysis of the global distribution of water isotopes using the NCAR atmospheric general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.33, issue.D4, pp.1630610-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JD007657

F. Lott, L. Fairhead, F. Hourdin, and P. Levan, The stratospheric version of LMDz: dynamical climatologies, arctic oscillation, and impact on the surface climate, Climate Dynamics, vol.117, issue.D4, pp.851-86810, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-005-0064-x

L. L. Lucas and M. P. Unterweger, Comprehensive review and critical evaluation of the half-life of tritium, Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol.105, issue.4, pp.541-549, 2000.
DOI : 10.6028/jres.105.043

L. Machta, Entrainment and the maximum height of an atomic cloud, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.37, pp.87-93, 1950.

E. A. Martell, On the inventory of artificial tritium and its occurrence in atmospheric methane, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.192, issue.2, pp.3759-3769, 1963.
DOI : 10.1029/JZ068i013p03759

J. Masarik and J. Beer, An updated simulation of particle fluxes and cosmogenic nuclide production in the Earth's atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.106, issue.A9, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2008JD010557

R. Mathieu, D. Pollard, J. E. Cole, J. W. White, R. S. Webb et al., Simulation of stable water isotope variations by the GENESIS GCM for modern conditions, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.117, issue.1, p.403710, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD900255

J. Meloen, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A model and method intercomparison, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.125, issue.D2, pp.10-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002274

L. Merlivat and J. Jouzel, Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.80, issue.6, pp.5029-503310, 1979.
DOI : 10.1029/JC084iC08p05029

R. Michel and P. M. Williams, Bomb-produced tritium in the Antarctic Ocean, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.20, issue.3, pp.381-38410, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(73)90013-7

R. L. Michel, Tritium inventories of the world oceans and their implications, Nature, vol.78, issue.5573, pp.103-10610, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/263103a0

R. L. Michel and H. E. Suess, Bomb tritium in the Pacific Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.30, issue.2, pp.4139-415210, 1975.
DOI : 10.1029/JC080i030p04139

R. L. Michel, T. W. Linick, and P. M. Williams, Tritium and Carbon-14 Distributions in Seawater from Under the Ross Ice Shelf Project Ice Hole, Science, vol.203, issue.4379, pp.445-446, 1979.
DOI : 10.1126/science.203.4379.445

J. A. Miskel, Production of tritium by nuclear weapons, in Tritium, pp.79-85, 1973.

S. Mulsow, P. P. Povinec, B. L. Somayajulu, B. Oregioni, L. L. Kwong et al., Temporal (3H) and spatial variations of 90Sr, 239,240Pu and 241Am in the Arabian Sea: GEOSECS Stations revisited, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol.50, issue.17-21, pp.2761-277510, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00146-2

T. Naegler, The global bomb radiocarbon budget: Simulation and application, 2005.

T. Naegler and I. Levin, Closing the global radiocarbon budget, J. Geophys. Res, vol.111, issue.D10, pp.10-1029, 1945.
DOI : 10.1029/2005jd006758

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.549.9235

D. Noone and I. Simmonds, Associations between í µí»¿ 18 O of water and climate parameters in a simulation of atmospheric circulation for 1979?95, 015<3150:ABOOWA>2.0.CO, pp.3150-316910, 2002.

H. G. Östlund and C. Grall, Transient tracers in the ocean: North and tropical Atlantic tritium and radiocarbon. Tritium Laboratory Data Report, Tech. Rep, issue.16, 1987.

H. G. Östlund, M. O. Rinkel, and C. Rooth, Tritium in the Equatorial Atlantic Current System, Tritium in the equatorial Atlantic current system, pp.4535-4543, 1969.
DOI : 10.1029/JC074i018p04535

H. G. Östlund, C. Grall, and R. E. Brescher, Equatorial Pacific tritium. Tritium Laboratory Data Report n ? 15, Tech. Rep, 1986.

P. P. Povinec, K. Hirose, T. Honda, T. Ito, E. M. Scott et al., Spatial distribution of 3H, 90Sr, 137Cs and 239,240Pu in surface waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans???GLOMARD database, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol.76, issue.1-2, pp.113-137, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.03.022

C. Risi, S. Bony, F. Vimeux, and J. Jouzel, Water-stable isotopes in the LMDZ4 general circulation model: Model evaluation for present-day and past climates and applications to climatic interpretations of tropical isotopic records, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.113, issue.D20, p.1211810, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2009JD013255

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01142300

C. Risi, Process-evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopic observations: 2. Using isotopic diagnostics to understand the mid and upper tropospheric moist bias in the tropics and subtropics, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.129, issue.594, pp.530410-1029, 2012.
DOI : 10.1029/2010JD014032

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01114749

C. Risi, A. Landais, R. Winkler, and F. Vimeux, Can we determine what controls the spatio-temporal distribution of d-excess and <sup>17</sup>O-excess in precipitation using the LMDZ general circulation model?, Climate of the Past, vol.9, issue.5, pp.2173-219310, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/cp-9-2173-2013-supplement

W. Roether, The tritium and carbon-14 profiles at the Geosecs I (1969) and GOGO I (1971) North Pacific stations, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.23, issue.1, pp.108-11510, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(74)90037-5

W. Roether, K. Münnich, and H. G. Östlund, Tritium profile at the North Pacific (1969) Geosecs Intercalibration Station, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.163, issue.18, pp.7672-767510, 1970.
DOI : 10.1029/JC075i036p07672

W. R. Schell, S. Sauzay, and B. R. Payne, World distribution of environmental tritium, in Physical Behaviour of Radioactive Contaminants in the Atmosphere, pp.374-385, 1974.

P. Schlosser, Ozeanographische Anwendungen von spurenstoffmessungen im Mittelmeerausstrom und Europaischen Nordmeer, 1985.

P. Schlosser, G. Bönisch, B. Kromer, H. H. Loosli, B. Bühler et al., Mid-1980s distribution of tritium, 3He, 14C and 39Ar in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas and the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean, Progress in Oceanography, vol.35, issue.1, pp.1-2810, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0079-6611(95)00003-Y

G. A. Schmidt, A. N. Legrande, and G. Hoffmann, Water isotope expressions of intrinsic and forced variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.105, issue.D6, pp.10-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JD007781

E. N. Sloth, D. L. Horrocks, E. J. Hoyce, and M. H. Studier, Tritium in the thermal neutron fission of uranium???235, Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, vol.24, issue.4, pp.337-34110, 1962.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1902(62)80027-X

B. Stevens, Atmospheric component of the MPI-M Earth System Model: ECHAM6, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, vol.110, issue.2, pp.146-172, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/jame.20015

A. Stohl, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.102, issue.D12, pp.10-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002490

A. Tamuly, Dispersal of Tritium in Southern Ocean Waters, ARCTIC, vol.27, issue.1, pp.27-40, 1974.
DOI : 10.14430/arctic2850

C. B. Taylor, A comparison of tritium and strontium-90 fallout in the Southern Hemisphere, Tellus, pp.559-576, 1968.

J. C. Tindall, P. J. Valdes, and L. C. Sime, Stable water isotopes in HadCM3: Isotopic signature of El Ni??o???Southern Oscillation and the tropical amount effect, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.53, issue.1, pp.411110-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2008JD010825

Z. Top, R. M. Moore, and W. B. Clarke, Variability in deep exchange between the Eurasian and Greenland Basins: Evidence from tritium and helium-3, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.10, issue.9, pp.1403-140610, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98GL00951

D. Wagenbach, M. Legrand, H. Fischer, F. Pichlmayer, and E. W. Wolff, Atmospheric near-surface nitrate at coastal Antarctic sites, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.6, issue.D9, pp.7-1110, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD03364

URL : http://epic.awi.de/3244/1/Wag1998b.pdf

D. Waugh and T. Hall, Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations, and models, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.105, issue.21, pp.10-1029, 1010.
DOI : 10.1029/2000RG000101

W. Weiss and W. Roether, The rates of tritium input to the world oceans, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.49, issue.2, pp.435-44610, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90084-9

M. Werner, P. M. Langebroek, T. Carlsen, M. Herold, and G. Lohmann, Stable water isotopes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model: Toward high-resolution isotope modeling on a global scale, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.445, issue.7127, pp.1510910-1029, 2011.
DOI : 10.1029/2011JD015681

K. Yoshimura, M. Kanamitsu, D. Noone, and T. Oki, Historical isotope simulation using Reanalysis atmospheric data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.51, issue.D20, pp.10-1029, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2008JD010074