B. Allen, B. Curless, and Z. Popovi´cpopovi´c, The space of human body shapes, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol.22, issue.3, pp.587-594, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/882262.882311

G. Ananthakrishnan and P. Badin, Julián Andrés Valdés Vargas, and Olov Engwall Predicting unseen articulations from multi-speaker articulatory models, Interspeech, pp.1588-1591, 2010.

P. Badin and A. Serrurier, Three-dimensional linear modeling of tongue: Articulatory data and models, 7th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP), pp.395-402, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00167379

P. Badin, G. Bailly, M. Raybaudi, and C. Segebarth, A three-dimensional linear articulatory model based on MRI data, 3rd ESCA/COCOSDA Workshop on Speech Synthesis (SSW), 1998.

P. Badin, G. Bailly, L. Reveret, M. Baciu, C. Segebarth et al., Three-dimensional linear articulatory modeling of tongue, lips and face, based on MRI and video images, Journal of Phonetics, vol.30, issue.3, pp.533-553, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/jpho.2002.0166

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00798689

T. Baer, J. C. Gore, L. C. Gracco, and P. W. Nye, Analysis of vocal tract shape and dimensions using magnetic resonance imaging: Vowels, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.90, issue.2, pp.799-828, 1991.
DOI : 10.1121/1.401949

A. Baker, A biomechanical tongue model for speech production based on MRI live speaker data, 2011.

D. Beautemps, P. Badin, and G. Bailly, Linear degrees of freedom in speech production: Analysis of cineradio- and labio-film data and articulatory-acoustic modeling, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.109, issue.5, pp.2165-2180, 2001.
DOI : 10.1121/1.1361090

A. Bijar, P. Rohan, P. Perrier, and Y. Payan, Atlas-Based Automatic Generation of Subject-Specific Finite Element Tongue Meshes, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol.117, issue.9, pp.16-34
DOI : 10.1016/j.cviu.2012.11.018

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01231822

R. Blandin, M. Arnela, R. Laboissière, X. Pelorson, and O. Guasch, Effects of higher order propagation modes in vocal tract like geometries, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.137, issue.2, pp.832-843, 2015.
DOI : 10.1121/1.4906166

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01146708

V. Blanz and T. Vetter, A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces, Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques , SIGGRAPH '99, pp.187-194, 1999.
DOI : 10.1145/311535.311556

T. Bolkart and S. Wuhrer, 3D faces in motion: Fully automatic registration and statistical analysis, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.131, pp.100-115
DOI : 10.1016/j.cviu.2014.06.013

J. Brunner, S. Fuchs, and P. Perrier, On the relationship between palate shape and articulatory behavior, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.125, issue.6, pp.3936-3949, 2009.
DOI : 10.1121/1.3125313

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00391836

S. Buchaillard, M. Brix, P. Perrier, and Y. Payan, Simulations of the consequences of tongue surgery on tongue mobility: implications for speech production in post-surgery conditions, The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol.4072, issue.3, pp.252-261, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/00222895.1986.10735369

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00179288

S. Buchaillard, P. Perrier, and Y. Payan, A biomechanical model of cardinal vowel production: Muscle activations and the impact of gravity on tongue positioning, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.126, issue.4, pp.2033-2051, 2009.
DOI : 10.1121/1.3204306

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00422426

M. Burdumy, L. Traser, B. Richter, M. Echternach, G. Korvink et al., Acceleration of MRI of the vocal tract provides additional insight into articulator modifications, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol.37, issue.4, pp.925-935, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0112405

V. De, S. , and L. Lim, Tensor rank and the ill-posedness of the best low-rank approximation problem, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, vol.30, issue.3, pp.1084-1127, 2008.

D. Demolin, T. Metens, and A. Soquet, Real time MRI and articulatory coordinations in vowels, 5th Speech Production Seminar (SSP), pp.86-93, 2000.

L. Ian, . Dryden, V. Kanti, and . Mardia, Statistical Shape Analysis, 1998.

B. Elie, Y. Laprie, P. Vuissoz, and F. Odille, High spatiotemporal cineMRI films using compressed sensing for acquiring articulatory data, 2016 24th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), pp.1353-1357, 2016.
DOI : 10.1109/EUSIPCO.2016.7760469

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01372320

O. Engwall, A 3D tongue model based on MRI data, 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, pp.901-904, 2000.

O. Engwall, Can audio-visual instructions help learners improve their articulation? -an ultrasound study of short term changes, Interspeech, pp.2631-2634, 2008.

O. Engwall and P. Badin, Collecting and analysing two-and three-dimensional MRI data for Swedish. KTH Dept. for Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report, 1999.

A. Eryildirim and M. Berger, A guided approach for automatic segmentation and modeling of the vocal tract in MRI images, 19th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), pp.61-65, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00630642

Q. Fang, Y. Chen, H. Wang, J. Wei, J. Wang et al., An Improved 3D Geometric Tongue Model, Interspeech 2016, pp.1104-1107
DOI : 10.21437/Interspeech.2016-901

A. Kjell and F. , A time-evolving three-dimensional vocal tract model by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3rd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech), pp.557-559, 1993.

M. Fu, B. Zhao, C. Carignan, R. K. Shosted, J. L. Perry et al., High-resolution dynamic speech imaging with joint low-rank and sparsity constraints, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.73, issue.5, pp.1820-1832, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpdc.2013.01.001

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4261062?pdf=render

S. Fuchs, R. Winkler, and P. Perrier, Do speakers' vocal tract geometries shape their articulatory vowel space?, 8th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP) URL http://issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF, pp.333-336, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00370715

C. Geng and C. Mooshammer, How to stretch and shrink vowel systems: Results from a vowel normalization procedure, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.125, issue.5, pp.3278-3288, 2009.
DOI : 10.1121/1.3106130

M. Negar, R. Harandi, S. Abugharbieh, and . Fels, 3D segmentation of the tongue in MRI: a minimally interactive model-based approach, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2014.

M. Negar, J. Harandi, M. Woo, R. Stone, S. Abugharbieh et al., Variability in muscle activation of simple speech motions: A biomechanical modeling approach, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.141, issue.4, pp.2579-2590, 2017.

R. Harshman, P. Ladefoged, and L. Goldstein, Factor analysis of tongue shapes, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.62, issue.3, pp.693-707, 1977.
DOI : 10.1121/1.381581

A. Richard and . Harshman, Foundations of the PARAFAC procedure: Models and conditions for an " explanatory " multi-modal factor analysis. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, pp.410-385, 1970.

A. Hewer, I. Steiner, and S. Wuhrer, A hybrid approach to 3D tongue modeling from vocal tract MRI using unsupervised image segmentation and mesh deformation, Interspeech, pp.418-421, 2014.

A. Hewer, I. Steiner, T. Bolkart, S. Wuhrer, and K. Richmond, A statistical shape space model of the palate surface trained on 3D MRI scans of the vocal tract, 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), 2015. URL https, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01192790

K. Honda, S. Maeda, M. Hashi, J. S. Dembowski, and J. R. Westbury, Human palate and related structures: their articulatory consequences, Proceeding of Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. ICSLP '96, pp.784-787, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/ICSLP.1996.607480

URL : http://www.asel.udel.edu/icslp/cdrom/vol2/732/a732.pdf

P. Hoole, A. Wismüller, G. Leinsinger, C. Kroos, A. Geumann et al., Analysis of tongue configuration in multispeaker , multi-volume MRI data, 5th Seminar on Speech Production (SSP), pp.157-160, 2000.

P. Hoole, A. Zierdt, and C. Geng, Beyond 2D in articulatory data acquisition and analysis URL https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2003/p15_0265.html. International Phonetic Association. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), pp.265-268, 1999.

J. B. Philip, V. D. Jackson, and . Singampalli, Statistical identification of articulation constraints in the production of speech, Speech Communication, vol.51, issue.8, pp.695-710, 2009.

K. Johnson, P. Ladefoged, and M. Lindau, Individual differences in vowel production, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.94, issue.2, pp.701-714, 1993.
DOI : 10.1121/1.406887

T. Kaburagi, Morphological and acoustic analysis of the vocal tract using a multi-speaker volumetric MRI dataset, Interspeech, pp.379-383, 2015.

A. L. Henk, W. P. Kiers, and . Krijnen, An efficient algorithm for PARAFAC of three-way data with large numbers of observation units, Psychometrika, vol.56, issue.1, pp.147-15210, 1991.

Y. Kim, S. S. Narayanan, and K. S. Nayak, Accelerated three-dimensional upper airway MRI using compressed sensing, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1434-1440, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/mrm.21953

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21953/pdf

J. Bernd, R. Kröger, C. Winkler, B. Mooshammer, and . Pompino, Estimation of vocal tract area function from magnetic resonance imaging: Preliminary results, 5th Seminar on Speech Production (SSP), pp.333-336, 2000.

P. Ladefoged, A Course in Phonetics, 1982.

P. Ladefoged and D. E. Broadbent, Information Conveyed by Vowels, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.29, issue.1, pp.98-104, 1957.
DOI : 10.1121/1.1908694

I. Sébastien-le-maguer, A. Steiner, and . Hewer, An HMM/DNN comparison for synchronized text-to-speech and tongue motion synthesis, Interspeech, pp.239-2432017, 2017.

J. Lee, J. Woo, F. Xing, E. Z. Murano, M. Stone et al., Semi-automatic segmentation of the tongue for 3D motion analysis with dynamic MRI, 10th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), pp.1465-1468, 2013.

H. Li, B. Adams, L. J. Guibas, and M. Pauly, Robust single-view geometry and motion reconstruction, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol.2817510, issue.5, pp.1-175, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1661412.1618521

URL : https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/149323/files/siggraphAsia2009RSVGMR.pdf

G. Sajan, A. Lingala, J. Toutios, Y. Toger, Y. Lim et al., State-of-the-art MRI protocol for comprehensive assessment of vocal tract structure and function, Interspeech, pp.475-4792016, 2016.

Y. Sajan-goud-lingala, Y. Zhu, A. Kim, S. Toutios, K. S. Narayanan et al., A fast and flexible MRI system for the study of dynamic vocal tract shaping, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.8, issue.1, pp.112-125, 2017.
DOI : 10.2174/1874347101408010001

J. Liu, P. Musialski, P. Wonka, and J. Ye, Tensor Completion for Estimating Missing Values in Visual Data, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.35, issue.1, pp.208-220, 2013.
DOI : 10.1109/TPAMI.2012.39

H. Mcgurk and J. Macdonald, Hearing lips and seeing voices, Nature, vol.65, issue.5588, pp.746-748, 1976.
DOI : 10.1044/jshr.1704.619

P. Mermelstein, Articulatory model for the study of speech production, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.53, issue.4, pp.1070-1082, 1973.
DOI : 10.1121/1.1913427

S. Shrikanth, A. A. Narayanan, K. Alwan, and . Haker, An articulatory study of fricative consonants using magnetic resonance imaging, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.98, issue.3, pp.1325-1347, 1995.

S. Shrikanth, A. A. Narayanan, K. Alwan, and . Haker, Toward articulatory-acoustic models for liquid approximants based on MRI and EPG data. part I. the laterals, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.101, issue.2, pp.1064-1077, 1997.

S. Shrikanth, K. Narayanan, S. Nayak, A. Lee, D. Sethy et al., An approach to real-time magnetic resonance imaging for speech production, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.115, issue.4, pp.1771-1776, 2004.

A. Niebergall, S. Zhang, E. Kunay, G. Keydana, M. Job et al., Real-time MRI of speaking at a resolution of 33 ms: Undersampled radial FLASH with nonlinear inverse reconstruction, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.61, issue.112, pp.477-485, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/mrm.21953

N. Otsu, A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.9, issue.1, pp.62-66, 1979.
DOI : 10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076

T. Peng, E. Kerrien, and M. Berger, A shape-based framework to segmentation of tongue contours from MRI data, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp.662-665, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2010.5495123

Z. Raeesy, S. Rueda, K. Jayaram, J. Udupa, and . Coleman, Automatic segmentation of vocal tract MR images, 2013 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, pp.1328-1331, 2013.
DOI : 10.1109/ISBI.2013.6556777

K. Richmond, P. Hoole, and S. King, Announcing the electromagnetic articulography (day 1) subset of the mngu0 articulatory corpus, Interspeech, pp.1505-1508, 2011.

M. A. , F. Rodrigues, D. F. Gillies, and P. Charters, A biomechanical model of the upper airways for simulating laryngoscopy, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol.4, issue.2, pp.127-14810, 1080.

A. Rosset, L. Spadola, and O. Ratib, OsiriX: An Open-Source Software for Navigating in Multidimensional DICOM Images, Journal of Digital Imaging, vol.216, issue.Suppl 1, pp.205-21610, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10278-004-1014-6

K. Rudy and Y. Yunusova, The Effect of Anatomic Factors on Tongue Position Variability During Consonants, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, vol.56, issue.1, pp.137-14910, 2012.
DOI : 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0218)

A. D. Scott, R. Boubertakh, M. J. Birch, and M. E. , Towards clinical assessment of velopharyngeal closure using MRI: evaluation of real-time MRI sequences at 1.5 and 3 T, The British Journal of Radiology, vol.54, issue.1019, pp.1083-1092, 1019.
DOI : 10.1007/s10278-004-1014-6

A. Serrurier, P. Badin, L. Boë, L. Lamalle, and C. Neuschaefer-rube, Inter-Speaker Variability: Speaker Normalisation and Quantitative Estimation of Articulatory Invariants in Speech Production for French, Interspeech 2017, pp.2272-22762017, 2017.
DOI : 10.21437/Interspeech.2017-1126

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01580875

C. H. Shadle, M. Mohammad, J. N. Carter, and P. J. Jackson, Multi-planar dynamic magnetic resonance imaging: New tools for speech research URL https, 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), pp.623-626, 1999.

I. Steiner, P. Knopp, S. Musche, A. Schmiedel, A. Braun et al., Investigating the effects of posture and noise on speech production, 10th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP), pp.417-420, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01086066

M. Stone and S. Lele, Representing the tongue surface with curve fits, 2nd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP), pp.875-878, 1992.

M. Stone and A. Lundberg, Three???dimensional tongue surface shapes of English consonants and vowels, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.99, issue.6, pp.3728-3737, 1996.
DOI : 10.1121/1.414969

M. Stone, J. Woo, J. Lee, T. Poole, A. Seagraves et al., Structure and variability in human tongue muscle anatomy, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, vol.125, pp.1-9, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015

A. Martin, . Styner, T. Kumar, . Rajamani, G. Lutz-peter-nolte et al., Evaluation of 3D correspondence methods for model building, 18th International Conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging (IPMI), pp.63-7510, 2003.

K. Mark, H. Tiede, E. Yehia, and . Vatikiotis-bateson, A shape-based approach to vocal tract area function estimation, 1st ETRW on Speech Production Modeling, pp.41-44, 1996.

A. Toutios and S. S. Narayanan, Factor analysis of vocal-tract outlines derived from real-time magnetic resonance imaging data, 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), 2015. URL https, 2015.

R. Ledyard and . Tucker, Some mathematical notes on three-mode factor analysis, Psychometrika, issue.3, pp.31279-31110, 1966.

J. Andrés, V. Vargas, P. Badin, G. Ananthakrishnan, and L. Lamalle, Articulatory speaker normalisation based on MRI-data using three-way linear decomposition methods, 29e Journées d'Études sur la Parole (JEP), pp.529-536, 2012.

J. Andrés, V. Vargas, P. Badin, and L. Lamalle, Articulatory speaker normalisation based on MRI-data using three-way linear decomposition methods, Interspeech, pp.2186-2189

J. Weickert, Anisotropic Diffusion in Image Processing, Teubner, 1998.

M. Weirich and S. Fuchs, Palatal Morphology Can Influence Speaker-Specific Realizations of Phonemic Contrasts, Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, vol.56, issue.6, pp.1894-190810, 2013.
DOI : 10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0217)

M. Weirich, L. Lancia, and J. Brunner, Inter-speaker articulatory variability during vowel-consonant-vowel sequences in twins and unrelated speakers, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.134, issue.5, pp.3766-3780, 2013.
DOI : 10.1121/1.4822480

J. Woo, J. Lee, E. Z. Murano, F. Xing, M. Al-talib et al., A high-resolution atlas and statistical model of the vocal tract from structural MRI, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, vol.3, issue.1, pp.47-60, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.042

J. Woo, F. Xing, J. Lee, M. Stone, and J. L. Prince, Construction of An Unbiased Spatio-Temporal Atlas of the Tongue During Speech, 24th International Conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging (IPMI), pp.723-732
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-19992-4_57

X. Wu, J. Dang, and I. Stavness, Iterative method to estimate muscle activation with a physiological articulatory model, Acoustical Science and Technology, vol.35, issue.4, pp.201-212, 2014.
DOI : 10.1250/ast.35.201

Y. Yunusova, S. Jeffrey, K. Rosenthal, M. Rudy, J. Baljko et al., Positional targets for lingual consonants defined using electromagnetic articulography, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.132, issue.2, pp.1027-1038, 2012.
DOI : 10.1121/1.4733542

Y. Zheng, M. Hasegawa-johnson, and S. Pizza, Analysis of the three-dimensional tongue shape using a three-index factor analysis model, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.113, issue.1, pp.478-486, 2003.
DOI : 10.1121/1.1520538