L’ambiance des stades. Les organisateurs de spectacle face aux innovations des supporteurs. Le cas de la vuvuzela

Résumé : Ambiance in football stadium during a major international tournament is an important economical stake. It helps to sell the event. International bodies of the football have transformed the architectural qualities of stadia worldwide but are helpless to control the fans but by restriction of uses. They tried in the 2010 world cup in South Africa to introduce a local trumpet: the vuvuzela. The instrument produced the most terrible noise ever. Almost all actors of the game complained except some fans happy to mess with the organizers. The vuvuzela is now banned everywhere but it seems the lesson was not fully learned…