. Amano, Passion and Struggle'' (ref. 39)

. Akasaki, Insight, Challenge, and Success'' (ref. 28)

. Akasaki, Progress in Crystal Growth'' (ref. 28)

. Akasaki, Key Inventions'' (ref. 28). 44 In the late 1980s, Akasaki and Amano did not understand why e-beams worked. It was years later that researchers found that electron beams generated heat that eliminated hydrogen from single crystals of gallium nitride

. Amano, interview (ref. 39); Amano, ''Passion and Struggle'' (ref. 39)

. Akasaki, Insight, Challenge, and Success'' (ref. 28)

. Akasaki, Progress in Crystal Growth'' (ref. 28)

G. Fasol, Room-temperature Blue Gallium Nitride Laser DiodeNovel Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition System for GaN GrowthMethod of Vapor-growing Semiconductor Crystal and Apparatus for Growing the Same, Shuji Nakamura, Yasuhiro Harada, and Masayuki SenoBreakthrough in Commercialization'' (ref, pp.2021-2044, 1991.

J. Science and . Technology, Pure- Green LED Built Using CVD Electronic Engineering Times Nichia and Toyoda Gosei also competed in the development of blue laser diodes Blue laser diodes offered great commercial opportunities. They were widely viewed as having the potential to increase the memory capacity of compact disks by a factor of four and thereby opening up a large market in consumer electronics. Developing these diodes was particularly challenging as research groups needed to learn how to direct the light generated by LEDs into a single beam. In the second half of the 1990s, Toyoda Gosei's engineers in collaboration with Akasaki's laboratory and with funding from the Research Development Corporation tackled this problem, as did Nakamura's group at Nichia. It was again the Nichia group that brought the first gallium nitride-based laser to the market, Japan's Nichia Chem Unveils Purple Chip Laser for DVD Players, p.20, 1995.

Y. Hara, . Laser, and . Developer, Dreams in Color Electronic Engineering TimesNichia Kagaku To Toyoda Gosei Ga Wakai: Aoiro LED No Senjo Wa Hotei Kara Sijo E'' Nikkei Electronics, pp.59-66, 1999.

I. Ota, Japan's Nichia Chem Wins LED Patent Case against Toyoda GoseiJapan's Toyoda Gosei Wins 4th Blue LED Patent CaseToyoda Gosei Files Damages Suits against Nichia over LED Japan Weekly MonitorNichia, Toyoda Gosei Aim to End Blue Laser SpatBlue-LED Rivals Call Truce as Third Parties Wage Competitive AssaultThe Future's Blue: Four Years Ago, Gallium Nitride Was a Mere Curiosity?Now Everybody Wants a Piece of It, Electronic Engineering Times Many firms, including Toyoda Gosei, also signed a licensing agreement with Gertrude Neumark Rothschild of Columbia University for her patent on annealing. Grimes, ''Gertrude Rothschild'' (ref. 61), p.31, 2000.