M. Abeles, Role of the cortical neuron: integrator or coincidence detector? Isr, J. Med. Sci, vol.18, pp.83-92, 1982.

M. Abeles, Corticonics: Neural Circuits of the Cerebral Cortex, 1991.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511574566

E. D. Adrian and Y. Zotterman, The impulses produced by sensory nerve-endings, The Journal of Physiology, vol.61, issue.2, pp.151-171, 1926.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1926.sp002281

C. A. Anastassiou, R. Perin, H. Markram, and C. Koch, Ephaptic coupling of cortical neurons, Nature Neuroscience, vol.31, issue.2, pp.217-223, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000637

A. Arieli, A. Sterkin, A. Grinvald, and A. Aertsen, Dynamics of Ongoing Activity: Explanation of the Large Variability in Evoked Cortical Responses, Science, vol.273, issue.5283, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.273.5283.1868

D. Attwell and S. B. Laughlin, An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol.83, pp.1133-1145, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00004647-200110000-00001

A. Banerjee, P. Seriès, and A. Pouget, Dynamical Constraints on Using Precise Spike Timing to Compute in Recurrent Cortical Networks, Neural Computation, vol.76, issue.8, pp.5-06, 2007.
DOI : 10.1162/089976698300017214

P. Berkes, G. Orbán, M. Lengyel, and J. Fiser, Spontaneous Cortical Activity Reveals Hallmarks of an Optimal Internal Model of the Environment, Science, vol.331, issue.6013, pp.83-87, 2011.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1195870

E. J. Bermudez-contreras, A. G. Schjetnan, A. Muhammad, P. Bartho, B. L. Mcnaughton et al., Formation and Reverberation of Sequential Neural Activity Patterns Evoked by Sensory Stimulation Are Enhanced during Cortical Desynchronization, Neuron, vol.79, issue.3, pp.555-566, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.013

M. Berry, D. K. Warland, and M. Meister, The structure and precision of retinal spike trains, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.10, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5411

E. Bienenstock, A model of neocortex, Network: Computation in Neural Systems, vol.6, issue.2, pp.179-224, 1995.
DOI : 10.1088/0954-898X_6_2_004

M. Boerlin, C. K. Machens, and S. Denève, Predictive Coding of Dynamical Variables in Balanced Spiking Networks, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.10, issue.7, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003258.s001

R. Brette, Computing with Neural Synchrony, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.21, issue.6, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002561.s001

R. Brette and E. Guigon, Reliability of Spike Timing Is a General Property of Spiking Model Neurons, Neural Computation, vol.76, issue.2, pp.279-308, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/0951-7715/2/3/003

N. Brunel, Dynamics of sparsely connected networks of excitatory and inhibitory spiking neurons, J. Comput. Neurosci, vol.8, 2000.

N. Brunel, H. , and V. , Fast Global Oscillations in Networks of Integrate-and-Fire Neurons with Low Firing Rates, Neural Computation, vol.15, issue.7, pp.1621-1671, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/373612a0

H. L. Bryant and J. P. Segundo, Spike initiation by transmembrane current: a white-noise analysis., The Journal of Physiology, vol.260, issue.2, pp.279-314, 1976.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011516

M. Carandini, D. J. Heeger, J. A. And-movshon, S. Neuenschwander, and W. Singer, Linearity and normalization in simple cells of the macaque primary visual cortex Synchronization of visual responses between the cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus and retina in the anesthetized cat, J. Neurosci. J. Neurosci, vol.17, issue.18, pp.8621-8644, 1997.

D. Debanne, A. Bialowas, S. Rama, R. C. Zador, and A. , What are the mechanisms for analogue and digital signalling in the brain?, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.25, issue.1, pp.63-69, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn3361

G. Deco, V. K. Jirsa, P. A. Robinson, M. Breakspear, and K. Friston, The Dynamic Brain: From Spiking Neurons to Neural Masses and Cortical Fields, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.355, issue.2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000092.t001

S. Deneve, Bayesian Spiking Neurons I: Inference, Neural Computation, vol.22, issue.7, pp.91-117, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/370140a0

E. Dere and A. Zlomuzica, The role of gap junctions in the brain in health and disease, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol.36, issue.1, pp.206-217, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.015

M. R. Deweese and A. M. Zador, Shared and Private Variability in the Auditory Cortex, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.92, issue.3, pp.1840-1855, 2004.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00197.2004

M. Diesmann, M. O. Gewaltig, and A. Aertsen, Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks, Nature, vol.402, pp.529-533, 1999.

A. S. Ecker, P. Berens, G. A. Keliris, M. Bethge, N. K. Logothetis et al., Decorrelated Neuronal Firing in Cortical Microcircuits, Science, vol.327, issue.5965, pp.584-587, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1179867

A. K. Engel, P. Fries, and W. Singer, Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top???down processing, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.51, issue.10, pp.704-716, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/35094565

B. Ermentrout, Type I Membranes, Phase Resetting Curves, and Synchrony, Neural Computation, vol.4, issue.5, pp.979-1001, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5193(67)90051-3

M. Fabre-thorpe, A. Delorme, C. Marlot, T. , and S. , A Limit to the Speed of Processing in Ultra-Rapid Visual Categorization of Novel Natural Scenes, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.73, issue.2, pp.171-180, 1162.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80144-X

G. Foffani, M. L. Morales-botello, and J. Aguilar, Spike Timing, Spike Count, and Temporal Information for the Discrimination of Tactile Stimuli in the Rat Ventrobasal Complex, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.29, issue.18, pp.5964-5973, 2009.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4416-08.2009

J. I. Gold, C. T. Law, P. Connolly, and S. Bennur, The Relative Influences of Priors and Sensory Evidence on an Oculomotor Decision Variable During Perceptual Learning, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.100, issue.5, pp.2653-2668, 2008.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.90629.2008

J. S. Griffith, On the Stability of Brain-Like Structures, Biophysical Journal, vol.3, issue.4, pp.299-308, 1963.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(63)86822-8

D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel, Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex, The Journal of Physiology, vol.148, issue.3, pp.574-591, 1959.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006308

E. M. Izhikevich, Polychronization: Computation with Spikes, Neural Computation, vol.71, issue.2, pp.245-282, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00173-2

A. L. Jacobs, G. Fridman, R. M. Douglas, N. M. Alam, P. E. Latham et al., Ruling out and ruling in neural codes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.14, pp.5936-5941, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0900573106

P. X. Joris, L. H. Carney, P. H. Smith, Y. , and T. C. , Enhancement of neural synchronization in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus I. Responses to tones at the characteristic frequency, J. neurophysiol, vol.71, pp.1022-1036, 1994.

T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962.

I. Lakatos, G. Currie, J. Worrall, L. , and I. , Philosophical papers (of) Imre Lakatos, 1978.

A. Litwin-kumar and B. Doiron, Slow dynamics and high variability in balanced cortical networks with clustered connections, Nature Neuroscience, vol.15, issue.11, pp.1498-1505, 2012.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1703954

M. London, A. Roth, L. Beeren, M. Hausser, P. E. Latham et al., Sensitivity to perturbations in vivo implies high noise and suggests rate coding in cortex, Sequential structure of neocortical spontaneous activity in vivo. Proc. Natl, pp.123-127, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09086

B. N. Lundstrom, M. H. Higgs, W. J. Spain, and A. L. Fairhall, Fractional differentiation by neocortical pyramidal neurons, Nature Neuroscience, vol.117, issue.11, pp.1335-1342, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nn.2212

Z. F. Mainen and T. J. Sejnowski, Reliability of spike timing in neocortical neurons, Science, vol.268, issue.5216, pp.1503-1506, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7770778

E. Marcos, P. Pani, E. Brunamonti, G. Deco, S. Ferraina et al., Neural Variability in Premotor Cortex Is Modulated by Trial History and Predicts Behavioral Performance, Neuron, vol.78, issue.2, pp.249-255, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.006

D. Marr, Vision, First Edition, 1982.

O. Marre, V. Botella-soler, K. D. Simmons, T. Mora, G. Tka?ik et al., High Accuracy Decoding of Dynamical Motion from a Large Retinal Population, PLOS Computational Biology, vol.1, issue.NO. 4, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004304.g009
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01236241

T. Masquelier, Neural variability, or lack thereof, Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, vol.7, 2013.
DOI : 10.3389/fncom.2013.00007

M. P. Nawrot, P. Schnepel, A. Aertsen, and C. Boucsein, Precisely timed signal transmission in neocortical networks with reliable intermediaterange projections, Front. Neural. Circuits, vol.3, 2009.

B. A. Olshausen and D. J. Field, Sparse coding of sensory inputs, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.481-487, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.conb.2004.07.007

S. Ostojic and N. Brunel, From Spiking Neuron Models to Linear-Nonlinear Models, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.69, issue.Pt 2, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001056.g007

R. Perin, T. K. Berger, and H. Markram, A synaptic organizing principle for cortical neuronal groups, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.13, pp.5419-5424, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1016051108

R. S. Petersen, S. Panzeri, D. , and M. E. , Population coding in somatosensory cortex, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.12, issue.4, pp.441-447, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00338-0

K. R. Popper and S. Panzeri, The Logic of Scientific Discovery Extracting information from neuronal populations: information theory and decoding approaches, Nat. Rev. Neurosci, vol.10, pp.173-185, 1038.

M. B. Randy, Synchrony in sensation, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol, vol.21, pp.701-708, 2011.

R. P. Rao and D. H. Ballard, Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects, Nature Neuroscience, vol.2, issue.1, pp.79-87, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/4580

O. Raviv, I. Lieder, Y. Loewenstein, and M. Ahissar, Contradictory Behavioral Biases Result from the Influence of Past Stimuli on Perception, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.9, issue.12, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003948.s002

A. Renart, J. De-la-rocha, P. Bartho, L. Hollender, N. Parga et al., The Asynchronous State in Cortical Circuits, Science, vol.327, issue.5965, pp.587-590, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1179850

A. Renart and C. K. Machens, Variability in neural activity and behavior, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.25, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.013

F. Rieke, D. Warland, R. R. Van-steveninck, and W. Bialek, Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code, 1999.

R. Rosen, Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical and Methodological Foundations, 1985.

C. Rossant, S. Leijon, A. K. Magnusson, and R. Brette, Sensitivity of Noisy Neurons to Coincident Inputs, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.31, issue.47, pp.17193-17206, 2011.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2482-11.2011

M. L. Schölvinck, A. B. Saleem, A. Benucci, K. D. Harris, and M. Carandini, Cortical State Determines Global Variability and Correlations in Visual Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.35, issue.1, pp.170-178, 2015.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4994-13.2015

M. Shadlen, W. M. Newsome, and W. T. Newsome, The variable discharge of cortical neurons: implications for connectivity, computation and information coding Noise, neural codes and cortical organization, J. Neurosci. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol, vol.1894, issue.4, pp.3870-3896, 1994.

W. Singer, Neuronal Synchrony: A Versatile Code for the Definition of Relations?, Neuron, vol.24, issue.1, pp.49-65, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80821-1

E. C. Smith, M. S. Lewicki, W. Softky, and C. Koch, Efficient auditory coding The highly irregular firing of cortical cells is inconsistent with temporal integration of random EPSPs, Nature J. Neurosci, vol.439, issue.13, pp.978-982, 1993.

W. R. Softky, Simple codes versus efficient codes, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.239-247, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0959-4388(95)80032-8

S. Song, P. J. Sjstrm, M. Reigl, S. Nelson, C. et al., Highly nonrandom features of synaptic connectivity in local cortical circuits, PLoS Biol, 2005.

B. Szatmáry and E. M. Izhikevich, Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.94, issue.2, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000879.s006

S. Thorpe, A. Delorme, and R. Van-rullen, Spike-based strategies for rapid processing, Neural Networks, vol.14, issue.6-7, pp.715-725, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0893-6080(01)00083-1

C. Von-der-malsburg, The What and Why of Binding, Neuron, vol.24, issue.1, pp.95-104, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80825-9

C. Van-vreeswijk and H. Sompolinsky, Chaos in Neuronal Networks with Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Activity, Science, vol.274, issue.5293, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5293.1724

E. Yacoub, N. Harel, and K. , High-field fMRI unveils orientation columns in humans, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.30, pp.10607-10612, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0804110105

Y. Zuo, H. Safaai, G. Notaro, A. Mazzoni, S. Panzeri et al., Complementary Contributions of Spike Timing and Spike Rate to Perceptual Decisions in Rat S1 and S2 Cortex, Current Biology, vol.25, issue.3, pp.357-363, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.065