T. H. Abel and F. Bärlocher, Effects of cadmium on aquatic hyphomycetes, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.48, pp.245-251, 1984.

D. C. Adams, J. Gurevitch, and M. S. Rosenberg, RESAMPLING TESTS FOR META-ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL DATA, Ecology, vol.78, issue.4, pp.1277-1283, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1994.tb00415.x

J. D. Allan and A. S. Flecker, Biodiversity Conservation in Running Waters, BioScience, vol.43, issue.1, pp.32-43, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/1312104

F. Bärlocher, The Ecology of Aquatic Hyphomycetes, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-76855-2

F. Bärlocher and M. A. Graça, Exotic riparian vegetation lowers fungal diversity but not leaf decomposition in Portuguese streams, Freshwater Biology, vol.81, issue.6, pp.1123-1136, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040747.x

F. Bärlocher, S. Seena, K. P. Wilson, and D. D. Williams, Raised water temperature lowers diversity of hyporheic aquatic hyphomycetes, Freshwater Biology, vol.67, issue.0, pp.368-379, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00007178

J. M. Baudoin, F. Guérold, V. Felten, E. Chauvet, P. Wagner et al., Elevated aluminium concentration in acidified headwater streams lowers aquatic hyphomycete diversity and impairs leaf-litter breakdown. Microbial Ecology, in press, pp.10-1007, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00956836

J. Bergfur, Seasonal variation in leaf-litter breakdown in nine boreal streams: implications for assessing functional integrity. Fundamental and Applied Limnology?Archiv fü r Hydrobiologie, pp.319-329, 2007.

J. Bergfur, R. K. Johnson, L. Sandin, and W. Goedkoop, Assessing the ecological integrity of boreal streams: a comparison of functional and structural responses. Fundamental and Applied Limnology?Archiv fü r Hydrobiologie, pp.113-125, 2007.

S. Bermingham, L. Maltby, and R. C. Cooke, Effects of a Coal Mine Effluent on Aquatic Hyphomycetes. II. Laboratory Toxicity Experiments, The Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.33, issue.6, pp.1311-1321, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2404773

J. L. Chaffin, H. M. Valett, J. R. Webster, and M. E. Schreiber, Influence of elevated As on leaf breakdown in an Appalachian headwater stream, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.24, issue.3, pp.553-568, 2005.
DOI : 10.1899/04-058.1

A. Chamier and E. Tipping, Effects of aluminium in acid streams on growth and sporulation of aquatic hyphomycetes, Environmental Pollution, vol.96, issue.3, pp.289-298, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00054-7

E. Chauvet and K. Suberkropp, Temperature and sporulation of aquatic hyphomycetes, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.64, pp.1522-1525, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00949684

Z. L. Cheng, P. Andre, and C. Chiang, Hyphomycetes and macroinvertebrates colonizing leaf litter in two Belgian streams with contrasting water quality, Limnetica, vol.13, pp.57-63, 1997.

A. P. Covich, M. C. Austen, and F. Bärlocher, The Role of Biodiversity in the Functioning of Freshwater and Marine Benthic Ecosystems, BioScience, vol.54, issue.8, pp.767-775, 2004.
DOI : 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0767:TROBIT]2.0.CO;2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01320956

S. Duarte, C. Pascoal, A. Alves, A. Correia, and F. Cássio, Copper and zinc mixtures induce shifts in microbial communities and reduce leaf litter decomposition in streams, Freshwater Biology, vol.63, issue.0, pp.91-101, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.277.5325.494

D. Dudgeon, A. H. Arthington, and M. O. Gessner, Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges, Biological Reviews, vol.11, issue.02, pp.163-182, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.69.10.5875-5883.2003

V. Ferreira and M. A. Graça, Do Invertebrate Activity and Current Velocity Affect Fungal Assemblage Structure in Leaves?, International Review of Hydrobiology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/iroh.200510833

V. Ferreira, V. Gulis, and M. A. Graça, Whole-stream nitrate addition affects litter decomposition and associated fungi but not invertebrates, Oecologia, vol.16, issue.374, pp.718-729, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-006-0478-0

M. O. Gessner and E. Chauvet, Importance of Stream Microfungi in Controlling Breakdown Rates of Leaf Litter, Ecology, vol.75, issue.6, pp.1807-1817, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/1939639

M. O. Gessner and E. Chauvet, A CASE FOR USING LITTER BREAKDOWN TO ASSESS FUNCTIONAL STREAM INTEGRITY, Ecological Applications, vol.12, issue.2, pp.498-510, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00731036
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00870744

M. O. Gessner, F. Bärlocher, and E. Chauvet, Biomass, growth and sporulation of aquatic hyphomycetes, Fungal Diversity Research Series, vol.10, pp.127-158, 2003.

M. A. Graça, J. Pozo, C. Canhoto, and A. Elosegui, Effects of Eucalyptus plantations on detritus, decomposers and detritivores in streams. The Scientific World, pp.1173-1185, 2002.

R. M. Grattan and K. Suberkropp, Effects of nutrient enrichment on yellow poplar leaf decomposition and fungal activity in streams, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.20, issue.1, pp.33-43, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1468186

L. Guimarães-soares, H. Felíciab, M. J. Bebiannob, and F. Cássio, Metal-binding proteins and peptides in the aquatic fungi Fontanospora fusiramosa and Flagellospora curta exposed to severe metal stress, Science of The Total Environment, vol.372, issue.1, pp.148-156, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.017

V. Gulis and K. Suberkropp, Leaf litter decomposition and microbial activity in nutrient-enriched and unaltered reaches of a headwater stream, Freshwater Biology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.123-134, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.17.1.567

V. Gulis, V. Ferreira, and M. Graça, Stimulation of leaf litter decomposition and associated fungi and invertebrates by moderate eutrophication: implications for stream assessment, Freshwater Biology, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1655-1669, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb01136.x

E. M. Hagen, J. R. Webster, and E. F. Benfield, Are leaf breakdown rates a useful measure of stream integrity along an agricultural landuse gradient?, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.25, issue.2, pp.330-343, 2006.
DOI : 10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[330:ALBRAU]2.0.CO;2

L. V. Hedges, J. Gurevitch, and P. Curtis, THE META-ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE RATIOS IN EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGY, Ecology, vol.80, issue.4, pp.1150-1156, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/1940761

M. Hieber and M. O. Gessner, CONTRIBUTION OF STREAM DETRIVORES, FUNGI, AND BACTERIA TO LEAF BREAKDOWN BASED ON BIOMASS ESTIMATES, Ecology, vol.83, issue.4, pp.1026-1038, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/1467795

G. Krauss, F. Bärlocher, and G. Krauss, Effects of pollution on aquatic hyphomycetes, Fungal Diversity Research Series, vol.10, pp.211-230, 2003.

C. J. Krebs, Ecological Methodology, 1999.

B. Laitung and E. Chauvet, Vegetation diversity increases species richness of leaf-decaying fungal communities in woodland streams, Archiv f??r Hydrobiologie, vol.164, issue.2, pp.217-235, 2005.
DOI : 10.1127/0003-9136/2005/0164-0217

B. Laitung, J. L. Pretty, E. Chauvet, and M. Dobson, Response of aquatic hyphomycete communities to enhanced stream retention in areas impacted by commercial forestry, Freshwater Biology, vol.22, issue.2, pp.313-324, 2002.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.17.1.567
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00941110

A. Lecerf, M. Dobson, C. K. Dang, and E. Chauvet, Riparian plant species loss alters trophic dynamics in detritus-based stream ecosystems, Oecologia, vol.270, issue.3, pp.432-442, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-005-0212-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01324954

&. Chauvet and E. , Assessment of functional integrity of eutrophic streams using litter breakdown and benthic macroinvertebrates. Archiv fü r Hydrobiologie, pp.105-126, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00023384

A. Lecerf, D. Patfield, A. Boiché, M. Riipinen, E. Chauvet et al., ), Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.64, issue.9, pp.1273-1283, 2007.
DOI : 10.1139/f07-092

J. K. Lindsey, Applying Generalized Linear Models, 1997.

A. R. Maharning and F. Bärlocher, Growth and Reproduction in Aquatic Hyphomycetes, Mycologia, vol.88, issue.1, pp.80-88, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/3760786

B. Malmqvist and S. Rundle, Threats to the running water ecosystems of the world, Environmental Conservation, vol.29, issue.02, pp.134-153, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S0376892902000097

A. Mesquita, C. Pascoal, and F. Cássio, Assessing effects of eutrophication in streams based on breakdown of eucalypt leaves. Fundamental and Applied Limnology?Archiv fü r Hydrobiologie, pp.221-230, 2007.

J. L. Meyer, Stream Health: Incorporating the Human Dimension to Advance Stream Ecology, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.16, issue.2, pp.439-447, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/1468029

J. L. Meyer, D. L. Strayer, J. B. Wallace, S. L. Eggert, G. S. Helfman et al., The Contribution of Headwater Streams to Biodiversity in River Networks1, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, vol.43, issue.2, pp.86-103, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00008.x

C. Mille-lindblom, E. V. Wachenfeldt, and L. J. Tranvik, Ergosterol as a measure of living fungal biomass: persistence in environmental samples after fungal death, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.59, issue.2, pp.253-262, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.07.010

C. Mille-lindblom, H. Fischer, and L. J. Tranvik, Antagonism between bacteria and fungi: substrate competition and a possible tradeoff between fungal growth and tolerance towards bacteria, Oikos, vol.42, issue.2, pp.233-242, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14337.x

D. K. Niyogi, W. M. Lewis, and D. M. Mcknight, LITTER BREAKDOWN IN MOUNTAIN STREAMS AFFECTED BY MINE DRAINAGE: BIOTIC MEDIATION OF ABIOTIC CONTROLS, Ecological Applications, vol.11, issue.2, pp.506-516, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1467795

C. Pascoal and F. Cássio, Contribution of Fungi and Bacteria to Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Polluted River, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.70, issue.9, pp.1-7, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5266-5273.2004

C. Pascoal, M. Pinho, F. Cássio, and P. Gomes, Assessing structural and functional ecosystem condition using leaf breakdown: studies on a polluted river, Freshwater Biology, vol.15, issue.11, pp.2033-2044, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1018513530268

C. Pascoal, F. Cássio, and L. Marvanová, Anthropogenic stress may affect aquatic hyphomycete diversity more than leaf decomposition in a low-order stream, Archiv f??r Hydrobiologie, vol.162, issue.4, pp.481-496, 2005.
DOI : 10.1127/0003-9136/2005/0162-0481

C. Pascoal, F. Cássio, A. Marcotegui, B. Sanz, and P. Gomes, Role of fungi, bacteria, and invertebrates in leaf litter breakdown in a polluted river, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.24, issue.4, pp.784-797, 2005.
DOI : 10.1899/05-010.1

J. Pozo, A. Basaguren, A. Eló-segui, J. Molinero, E. Fabre et al., Afforestation with Eucalyptus globulus and leaf litter decomposition in streams of northern Spain, Hydrobiologia, pp.373-374, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-5266-2_8
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00956309

N. S. Raviraja, K. R. Sridhar, and F. Bärlocher, Breakdown ofFicusandEucalyptusleaves in an organically polluted river in India: fungal diversity and ecological functions, Freshwater Biology, vol.84, issue.3, pp.537-545, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.17.1.567

J. S. Richardson, C. R. Shaughnessy, and P. G. Harrison, Litter breakdown and invertebrate association with three types of leaves in a temperate rainforest stream, Archiv f??r Hydrobiologie, vol.159, issue.3, pp.309-325, 2004.
DOI : 10.1127/0003-9136/2004/0159-0309

A. Romaní, H. Fischer, C. Mille-lindblom, and L. J. Tranvik, INTERACTIONS OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI ON DECOMPOSING LITTER: DIFFERENTIAL EXTRACELLULAR ENZYME ACTIVITIES, Ecology, vol.87, issue.10, pp.2559-2569, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02927592

M. Solé, I. Fetzer, R. Wennrich, K. R. Sridhar, H. Harms et al., Aquatic hyphomycete communities as potential bioindicators for assessing anthropogenic stress, Science of The Total Environment, vol.389, issue.2-3, pp.557-565, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.010

K. R. Sridhar, G. Krauss, F. Bärlocher, N. S. Raviraja, R. Wennrich et al., Decomposition of alder leaves in two heavy metal-polluted streams in central Germany, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.26, pp.73-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/ame026073

K. Suberkropp, Effect of dissolved nutrients on two aquatic hyphomycetes growing on leaf litter, Mycological Research, vol.102, issue.8, pp.998-1002, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/S0953756297005807

K. Suberkropp, A. Michelis, H. J. Lorch, and J. C. Ottow, Effect of sewage treatment plant effluents on the distribution of aquatic hyphomycetes in the River Erms, Schw??bische Alb, F.R.G., Aquatic Botany, vol.32, issue.1-2, pp.141-153, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3770(88)90094-0

P. L. Thompson and F. Bärlocher, Effect of pH on Leaf Breakdown in Streams and in the Laboratory, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.8, issue.3, pp.203-210, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/1467323