E. Alekseenko, V. Raybaud, B. Espinasse, F. Carlotti, B. Queguiner et al., Seasonal dynamics and stoichiometry of the planktonic community in the NW Mediterranean Sea: a 3D modeling approach, vol.64, pp.179-207, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00944788

B. Avril, M. Baklouti, F. Diaz, C. Pinazo, V. Faure et al., Investigation and sensitivity analysis of a mechanistic phytoplankton model implemented in a new modular numerical tool (Eco3M) dedicated to biogeochemical modelling, DOC dynamics in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, vol.49, pp.34-58, 2002.

M. Baklouti, C. Chevalier, M. Bouvy, D. Corbin, M. Pagano et al., A study of plankton dynamics under osmotic stress in the Senegal River Estuary, West Africa, using a 3D mechanistic model, Ecol. Model, vol.222, pp.2704-2721, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00687671

J. Baretta, W. Ebenhoh, R. , and P. , The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model, a complex marine ecosystem model, J. Sea Res, vol.33, pp.233-246, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0077-7579(95)90047-0

K. Béranger, L. Mortier, C. , and M. , Seasonal variability of water transport through the Straits of Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica, derived from a high-resolution model of the Mediterranean circulation, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.66, pp.341-364, 2005.

S. Bertilsson, O. Berglund, D. M. Karl, S. W. Chisholm, and J. Beuvier, Modélisation de la variabilité climatique de la circulation et des masses d'eau en mer Méditerranée: impact des échanges océan-atmosphére, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.48, pp.1721-1731, 2003.

J. Beuvier, F. Sevault, M. Herrmann, H. Kontoyiannis, W. Ludwig et al., Modeling the Mediterranean Sea interannual variability during 1961-2000: focus on the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, J. Geophys. Res.Oceans, vol.115, p.8017, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2009jc005950

URL : https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2009JC005950

J. Beuvier, C. Lebeaupin-brossier, K. Béranger, T. Arsouze, R. Bourdallébadie et al., Spreading of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water after winter 2005: Time scales and deep cyclone transport, J. Geophys. Res, vol.117, p.7022, 2012.
DOI : 10.1029/2011jc007679

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00766483

J. Beuvier, C. Lebeaupin-brossier, K. Béranger, T. Arsouze, R. Bourdallé-badie et al., Oceanic component for the modeling of the regional, Mediterranean Eart System., Mercator Ocean Quarterly Newsletter, vol.46, pp.60-66, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01138958

A. Boldrin, S. Miserocchi, S. Rabitti, M. Turchetto, V. Balboni et al., Particulate matter in the southern Adriatic and Ionian Sea: characterisation and downward fluxes, J. Marine Syst, vol.33, pp.389-410, 2002.

L. Bopp, P. Monfray, O. Aumont, J. Dufresne, H. Le-treut et al., Potential climate change on marine export production, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.15, pp.81-99, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/1999gb001256

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00772149

E. Bosc, A. Bricaud, A. , and D. , Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.18, p.1005, 2004.

E. J. Brown and R. F. Harris, Kinetics of algal transient phosphate uptake and the cell quota concept, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.23, pp.35-40, 1978.

K. Buesseler, Do upper-ocean sediment traps provide an accurate record of particle flux?, Nature, vol.353, pp.420-423, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/353420a0

C. Carlson, H. Ducklow, and A. Michaels, Annual flux of dissolved organic carbon from the euphotic zone in the northwestern Sargasso Sea, Nature, vol.371, pp.405-408, 1994.

U. Christaki, C. Courties, F. Joux, W. H. Jeffrey, J. Neveux et al., Community structure and trophic role of ciliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates in Rhone River diluted mesoscale structures, Aquat. Microb. Ecol, vol.57, pp.263-277, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828697

H. Claustre, A. Morel, S. Hooker, M. Babin, D. Antoine et al., Is desert dust making oligotrophic waters greener?, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.29, pp.107-108, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00702800

G. Copin-montégut and B. Avril, Vertical distribution and temporal variation of dissolved organic carbon in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res, Pt. I, vol.40, 1963.

A. Crise, G. Crispi, and E. Mauri, A seasonal three-dimensional study of the nitrogen cycle in the Mediterranean Sea: Part I. Model implementation and numerical results, J. Marine Syst, vol.18, pp.287-312, 1998.

G. Crispi, A. Crise, and C. Solidoro, Three-dimensional oligotrophic ecosystem models driven by physical forcing: the Mediterranean Sea case, Environ. Modell. Softw, vol.13, pp.483-490, 1998.

F. Diaz, P. Raimbault, B. Boudjellal, N. Garcia, and T. Moutin, Early spring phosphorus limitation of primary productivity in a NW Mediterranean coastal zone (Gulf of Lions), Mar. Ecol.Prog. Ser, vol.211, pp.51-62, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02061973

D. Ortenzio, F. Marullo, S. Ragni, M. Ribera-d'alcalà, M. Santoleri et al., Validation of empirical SeaWiFS algorithms for chlorophyll-a retrieval in the Mediterranean Sea: A case study for oligotrophic seas, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, vol.82, pp.689-733, 1968.

M. Droop, The nutrient status of algal cells in batch culture, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, vol.55, pp.7025-7046, 1975.

A. Guyennon, Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean, Nature, vol.282, pp.677-680, 1979.

M. Fasham, K. Flynn, P. Pondaven, T. Anderson, P. Boyd et al., Development of a robust marine ecosystem model to predict the role of iron in biogeochemical cycles: A comparison of results for iron-replete and iron-limited areas, and the SOIREE ironenrichment experiment, Appl. Environ. Microb, vol.53, pp.3352-3358, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00635636

H. E. Garcia, R. Locarnini, T. Boyer, A. , and J. , World Ocean Atlas 2005, vol.4, 2006.

R. Geider, H. Macintyre, T. Kana, A. Gogou, A. Sanchez-vidal et al., A dynamic regulatory model of phytoplankton acclimation to light, nutrients, and temperature, Carbon flux to the deep in three open sites of the Southern European Seas (SES), vol.43, pp.224-233, 1998.

F. Gómez, The role of the exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar on the budget of elements in the Western Mediterranean Sea: consequences of human-induced modifications, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.46, pp.685-694, 2003.

D. Hansell and C. Carlson, Marine Dissolved Organic Matter and the Carbon Cycle, Oceanography, vol.14, pp.685-716, 2001.

D. Hansell, C. Carlson, and Y. Suzuki, Dissolved organic carbon export with North Pacific Intermediate Water formation, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.16, pp.7-8, 2002.

D. Hansell, D. Repeta, C. Carlson, and R. Schlitzer, Dissolved organic matter in the ocean: A controversy stimulates new insights, Oceanography, vol.22, pp.202-211, 2009.

M. Heldal, D. J. Scanlan, S. Norland, F. Thingstad, N. H. Mann et al., Elemental composition of single cells of various strains of marine Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus using X-ray microanalysis, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.48, p.4802, 2003.

M. Herrmann, F. Diaz, C. Estournel, P. Marsaleix, and C. Ulses, Impact of atmospheric and oceanic interannual variability on the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea pelagic planktonic ecosystem and associated carbon cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, vol.118, pp.5792-5813, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02110102

C. Holling, Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parsitism, The Candian Entomologist, vol.91, pp.385-398, 1959.

D. M. Karl, R. M. Letelier, L. Tupas, J. Dore, J. Christian et al., The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Nature, vol.387, pp.533-538, 1997.

C. Klausmeier, E. Litchman, L. , and S. , Phytoplankton growth and stoichiometry under multiple nutrient limitation, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.49, pp.1463-1470, 2004.

C. Klausmeier, E. Litchman, T. Daufresne, L. , and S. , Phytoplankton stoichiometry, Ecol. Res, vol.23, pp.479-485, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297833

S. A. Kooijman, Dynamic Energy and Mass Budgets in Biological Systems, 2000.

I. Kriest, S. Khatiwala, and A. Oschlies, Towards an assessment of simple global marine biogeochemical models of different complexity, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.86, pp.337-360, 2010.

G. Lacroix and M. Gregoire, Revisited ecosystem model (MODECOGeL) of the Ligurian Sea: seasonal and interannual variability due to atmospheric forcing, J. Marine Syst, vol.37, pp.229-258, 2002.

P. Lazzari, G. Mattia, C. Solidoro, S. Salon, A. Crise et al., The impacts of climate change and environmental management policies on the trophic regimes in the Mediterranean Sea: Scenario analyses, J. Marine Syst, vol.135, pp.137-149, 2013.

K. Leblanc, B. Quéguiner, N. Garcia, P. Rimmelin, P. Raimbault et al., Silicon cycle in the NW Mediterranean Sea: seasonal study of a coastal oligotrophic site, J. Marine Syst, vol.26, pp.281-291, 1996.

L. Quéré, C. L. Harrison, S. , C. Buitenhuis, E. Aumont et al., Ecosystem dynamics based on plankton functional types for global ocean biogeochemistry models, Glob. Change Biol, vol.11, 2005.

L. Quéré, C. Takahashi, T. Buitenhuis, E. Rödenbeck, C. et al., Impact of climate change and variability on the global oceanic sink of CO 2, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.24, 2010.

M. Lévy, L. Mémery, A. , and J. , Simulation of primary production and export fluxes in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, J. Mar. Res, vol.56, pp.197-238, 1998.

T. Lovdal, E. F. Skjoldal, M. Heldal, S. Norland, and T. F. Thingstad, Changes in morphology and elemental composition of Vibrio splendidus along a gradient from carbon-limited to phosphate-limited growth, Microb. Ecol, vol.55, pp.152-161, 2008.

W. Ludwig, Continental erosion and river transport of organic carbon to the world's Oceans, 1996.

W. Ludwig, E. Dumont, M. Meybeck, and S. Heussner, River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: Major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades?, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.80, pp.199-217, 2009.

D. Macías, A. Stips, and E. Garcia-gorriz, The relevance of deep chlorophyll maximum in the open Mediterranean Sea evaluated through 3D hydrodynamic-biogeochemical coupled simulations, Ecol. Model, vol.281, pp.26-37, 2014.

G. Madec, , vol.27, pp.1228-1619, 2008.

E. Maier-reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, and A. Winguth, Future ocean uptake of CO 2 : interaction between ocean circulation and biology, Clim. Dynam, vol.12, pp.711-722, 1996.

J. Marshall and F. Schott, Open-ocean convection: Observations, theory, and models, Rev. Geophys, vol.37, pp.1-64, 1999.

A. Guyennon, New insights into the organic carbon export in the Mediterranean Sea 7045

J. C. Marty and J. Chiavérini, DYFAMED site) during 1995-2007 and biogeochemical consequences, Hydrological changes in the Ligurian Sea, vol.7, pp.2117-2128, 2010.

J. Marty, N. Garcia, R. , and P. , Phytoplankton dynamics and primary production under late summer conditions in the NW Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res, Pt. I, vol.55, pp.1131-1149, 2008.

G. Mattia, M. Zavatarelli, M. Vichi, and P. Oddo, The Eastern Mediterranean Sea biogeochemical dynamics in the 1990s: A numerical study, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, vol.118, pp.2231-2248, 2013.

R. Mauriac, T. Moutin, and M. Baklouti, Accumulation of DOC in Low Phosphate Low Chlorophyll (LPLC) area: is it related to higher production under high N:P ratio?, Biogeosciences, vol.8, pp.933-950, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00687681

T. Meador, A. Gogou, G. Spyres, G. Herndl, E. Krasakopoulou et al., Biogeochemical relationships between ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter and picoplankton activity in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, vol.57, pp.1460-1477, 2010.

C. Millot and I. Taupier-letage, Circulation in the Mediterranean sea, The Mediterranean Sea, pp.29-66, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191856

J. Miquel, J. Martín, B. Gasser, A. Rodriguez-y-baena, T. Toubal et al., Dynamics of particle flux and carbon export in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: a two decade timeseries study at the DYFAMED site, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.91, pp.461-481, 2011.

J. C. Miquel, S. W. Fowler, L. Rosa, J. Buat-menard, and P. , Dynamics of the downward flux of particles and carbon in the open northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res. I, vol.41, pp.243-261, 1994.

J. K. Moore, S. C. Doney, J. A. Kleypas, D. M. Glover, and I. Y. Fung, An intermediate complexity marine ecosystem model for the global domain, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, vol.49, pp.403-462, 2002.

A. Morel, Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (case I waters), J. Geophys. Res.Oceans, vol.93, pp.10749-10768, 1988.

T. Moutin and P. Raimbault, Primary production, carbon export and nutrients availability in Western and Eastern Mediterranean Sea in early summer 1996 (MINOS cruise), J. Marine Syst, vol.33, pp.273-288, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02075135

T. Moutin, T. F. Thingstad, F. Van-wambeke, D. Marie, G. Slawyk et al., Does competition for nanomolar phosphate supply explain the predominance of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus?, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.47, pp.1562-1567, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01780324

T. Moutin, D. M. Karl, S. Duhamel, P. Rimmelin, P. Raimbault et al., Phosphate availability and the ultimate control of new nitrogen input by nitrogen fixation in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Biogeosciences, vol.5, pp.95-109, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00330336

T. Moutin, F. Van-wambeke, P. , and L. , Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment, Biogeosciences, vol.9, pp.3817-3825, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01285203

S. Muller, R. Muñoz-carpena, and G. Kiker, Model Relevance: Frameworks for Exploring the Complexity-SensitivityUncertainty Trilemma, Climate: Global Change and Local Adaptation, 2009.

J. Palmiéri, Modélisation biogéochimique de la mer Méditerranée avec le modèle régional couplé NEMO-MED12/PISCES, 2014.

J. Palmiéri, L. Vu, B. Dutay, J. Bopp, L. Béranger et al., Temporal variability of nutrient concentrations in the northwestern Mediterranean sea (DYFAMED time-series station), Pasqueron de Fommervault, vol.100, pp.1-12, 2015.

R. Paudel and J. Jawitz, Does increased model complexity improve description of phosphorus dynamics in a large treatment wetland?, Ecol. Eng, vol.42, pp.283-294, 2012.

A. Prowe, M. Pahlow, S. Dutkiewicz, M. Follows, A. Oschlies et al., Top-down control of marine phytoplankton diversity in a global ecosystem model, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.101, pp.205-221, 1958.

M. Rixen, J. M. Beckers, S. Levitus, J. Antonov, T. Boyer et al., The western mediterranean deep water : a proxy for climate change, vol.32, p.12608, 2005.

C. Santinelli, D. A. Hansell, M. Alcala, and R. , Influence of stratification on marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics : The Mediterranean Sea case, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.119, pp.68-77, 2013.

J. Sarmiento and N. Gruber, Ocean biogeochemical dynamics, vol.1015, 2006.

J. Sarmiento, T. Hughes, R. Stouffer, M. , and S. , Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming, Nature, vol.393, pp.245-249, 1998.

D. Schaap and R. Lowry, SeaDataNet-Pan-European infrastructure for marine and ocean data management: unified access to distributed data sets, International Journal of Digital Earth, vol.3, pp.50-69, 2010.

R. Sempéré, S. C. Yoro, F. Van-wambeke, C. , and B. , Microbial decomposition of large organic particles in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: an experimental approach, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser, vol.198, pp.61-72, 2000.

U. Siegenthaler, J. Sarmiento, I. Siokou-frangou, U. Christaki, M. G. Mazzocchi et al., Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean, Plankton in the open Mediterranean Sea: a review, vol.365, pp.1543-1586, 1993.

S. Somot, F. Sevault, and M. Déqué, Transient climate change scenario simulation of the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century using a high-resolution ocean circulation model, Clim. Dynam, vol.27, pp.851-879, 2006.

A. Talarmin, F. Van-wambeke, . Duhamel, P. Catala, T. Moutin et al., Improved methodology to measure taxonspecific phosphate uptake in live and unfiltered samples, Biogeosciences, vol.12, pp.7025-7046, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00707511

A. Guyennon, Accumulation of degradable DOC in surface waters: Is it caused by a malfunctioning microbial loop?, New insights into the organic carbon export in the Mediterranean Sea nol. Oceanogr.-Meth, vol.9, pp.1068-1071, 1997.

J. Toggweiler, R. Murmane, S. Carson, A. Gnanadesikan, and J. L. Sarmiento, Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs: 2. Organic pump, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.17, p.1027, 2003.

S. Tugrul and S. Besiktepe, Nutrient exchange fluxes between the black sea and the Mediterranean through the turkish strait system (marmara sea, bosphorus and dardanelles), CIESM congress, Istanbul, p.69, 2007.

S. Vallina, B. Ward, S. Dutkiewicz, M. Follows, N. Van-den-broeck et al., Maximal feeding with active prey-switching: A kill-the-winner functional response and its effect on global diversity and biogeography, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser, vol.120, pp.119-133, 2002.

M. Vichi, N. Pinardi, and S. Masina, A generalized model of pelagic biogeochemistry for the global ocean ecosystem. Part I: Theory, J. Marine Syst, vol.64, pp.89-109, 2007.

G. Volpe, R. Santoleri, V. Vellucci, M. Ribera-d'alcala, S. Marullo et al., The colour of the Mediterranean Sea: Global versus regional bio-optical algorithms evaluation and implication for satellite chlorophyll estimates, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.107, pp.625-638, 2007.

C. J. Vörösmarty, B. Fekete, and B. A. Tucker, River Discharge Database, Version 1.0 (RivDIS v1.0), Volumes 0 through 6, A contribution to IHP-V Theme 1, Technical Documents in Hydrology Series, 1996.

S. W. Wilhelm, A. L. King, B. S. Twining, G. R. Lecleir, J. M. Debruyn et al., Elemental quotas and physiology of a southwestern Pacific Ocean plankton community as a function of iron availability, Aquat. Microb. Ecol, vol.68, pp.185-194, 2013.

J. Wu, W. Sunda, E. Boyle, K. , D. Zúñiga et al., Particulate organic carbon budget in the open Algero-Balearic Basin (Western Mediterranean): Assessment from a one-year sediment trap experiment, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, vol.289, pp.1530-1548, 2000.