D. Berrigan and R. Mckinno, Built environment and health, Preventive Medicine, vol.47, issue.3, pp.239-279, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.07.010

H. Anderson, Population aging: a comparison among industrialized countries, Health Affairs, vol.19, issue.3, pp.191-203, 2000.
DOI : 10.1377/hlthaff.19.3.191

S. Galea and D. Vlahov, URBAN HEALTH: Evidence, Challenges, and Directions, Annual Review of Public Health, vol.26, issue.1, pp.341-65, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144708

L. Rogers, Towards an urban renaissance. London. United Kingdom's Urban Task Force, 1999.

N. Grimm, S. Faeth, N. Golubiewski, C. Redman, J. Wu et al., Global Change and the Ecology of Cities, Science, vol.319, issue.5864, pp.756-60, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1150195

L. Macdonald, American forests, Global problems, local solutions: measuring the value of the urban forest, 1996.

M. Levasseur, M. Genereux, J. Bruneau, A. Vanasse, E. Chabot et al., Importance of proximity to resources, social support, transportation and neighborhood security for mobility and social participation in older adults: results from a scoping study, BMC Public Health, vol.7, issue.Suppl 1, p.503, 2015.
DOI : 10.1186/s12889-015-1824-0

C. Murata, T. Kondo, K. Tamakoshi, H. Yatsuya, and H. Toyoshima, Factors Associated With Life Space Among Community-Living Rural Elders in Japan, Public Health Nursing, vol.38, issue.4, pp.324-355, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.20.1.287

Q. Xue, L. Fried, T. Glass, A. Laffan, and P. Chaves, Life-Space Constriction, Development of Frailty, and the Competing Risk of Mortality: The Women's Health and Aging Study I, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.167, issue.2, pp.240-248, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwm270

T. Glass and J. Balfour, Neighborhoods, Aging, and Functional Limitations, pp.303-337, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138382.003.0014

M. Lawton and L. Nahemow, Ecology and the aging process The psychology of adult development and aging, pp.619-74, 1973.

S. Schönfelder and K. Axhausen, On the variability of human activity spaces. Zürich: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, p.37, 2002.

S. Schönfelder and K. Axhausen, Urban rhythms and travel behaviour. Spatial and temporal phenomena of daily travel, 2010.

L. Gauvin, M. Riva, T. Barnett, L. Richard, C. Craig et al., Association between Neighborhood Active Living Potential and Walking, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.167, issue.8, pp.944-53, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwm391

Y. Michael, M. Green, and S. Farquhar, Neighborhood design and active aging. Health Place, pp.734-774, 2006.

V. Siu, W. Lambert, R. Fu, T. Hillier, M. Bosworth et al., Built Environment and Its Influences on Walking among Older Women: Use of Standardized Geographic Units to Define Urban Forms, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol.53, issue.1, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/01944360608976724

K. Morland and S. Filomena, The utilization of local food environments by urban seniors, Preventive Medicine, vol.47, issue.3, pp.289-93, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.009

K. Leyden, Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods, American Journal of Public Health, vol.93, issue.9, pp.1546-1551, 2003.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546

L. Richard, L. Gauvin, C. Gosselin, and S. Laforest, Staying connected: neighbourhood correlates of social participation among older adults living in an urban environment in Montreal, Quebec, Health Promotion International, vol.24, issue.1, pp.46-57, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/heapro/dan039

G. Cunningham and Y. Michael, Concepts Guiding the Study of the Impact of the Built Environment on Physical Activity for Older Adults: A Review of the Literature, American Journal of Health Promotion, vol.18, issue.6, pp.435-478, 2004.
DOI : 10.4278/0890-1171-18.6.435

P. Clarke and L. George, The Role of the Built Environment in the Disablement Process, American Journal of Public Health, vol.95, issue.11, pp.1933-1942, 2005.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054494

D. King, Neighborhood and Individual Factors in Activity in Older Adults: Results From the Neighborhood and Senior Health Study, Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, vol.16, issue.2, pp.144-70, 2008.
DOI : 10.1123/japa.16.2.144

A. Rosso, A. Auchincloss, and Y. Michael, The Urban Built Environment and Mobility in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Review, Journal of Aging Research, vol.33, issue.2, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/0277-9536(93)90202-F

L. Richard, L. Gauvin, Y. Kestens, B. Shatenstein, H. Payette et al., Neighborhood Resources and Social Participation Among Older Adults, Journal of Aging and Health, vol.17, issue.1, pp.296-318, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/geronb/gbq085

H. Litwin and S. Shiovitz-ezra, Social Network Type and Subjective Well-being in a National Sample of Older Americans, The Gerontologist, vol.51, issue.3, pp.379-88, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/geront/gnq094

L. Rovniak, J. Sallis, J. Kraschnewski, C. Sciamanna, E. Kiser et al., Engineering online and in-person social networks to sustain physical activity: application of a conceptual model, BMC Public Health, vol.35, issue.Suppl 1, p.753, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.05.018

M. Zunzunegui, B. Alvarado, D. Ser, T. Otero, and A. , Social Networks, Social Integration, and Social Engagement Determine Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Spanish Older Adults, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, vol.58, issue.2, pp.93-100, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/geronb/58.2.S93

K. Cagney, C. Browning, A. Jackson, and B. Soller, Networks, neighborhoods, and institutions: an integrated " activity space " approach for research on aging, New directions in the sociology of aging, 2013.

S. Webber, M. Porter, and V. Menec, Mobility in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Framework, The Gerontologist, vol.50, issue.4, pp.443-50, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/geront/gnq013

S. Haustein and A. Siren, Older People's Mobility: Segments, Factors, Trends, Transport Reviews, vol.2, issue.2, pp.466-87, 2015.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005042614848

I. Yen and L. Anderson, Built Environment and Mobility of Older Adults: Important Policy and Practice Efforts, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.38, issue.5, pp.951-957, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03949.x

A. Ståhl, V. Horstmann, and S. Iwarsson, A five-year follow-up among older people after an outdoor environment intervention, Transport Policy, vol.27, pp.134-175, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.015

J. Dixon, Social Determinants of Health, Health Promotion International, vol.15, issue.1, pp.87-96, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/heapro/15.1.87

O. Hankivsky and A. Christoffersen, Intersectionality and the determinants of health: a Canadian perspective, Critical Public Health, vol.2, issue.3, pp.271-83, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/1350506806065752

S. Cohen, Social Relationships and Health., American Psychologist, vol.59, issue.8, p.676, 2004.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676

C. Schiller, M. Winters, H. Hanson, and M. Ashe, A framework for stakeholder identification in concept mapping and health research: a novel process and its application to older adult mobility and the built environment, BMC Public Health, vol.124, issue.3, p.428, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.12.006

A. Gray, ABSTRACT, Ageing and Society, vol.23, issue.01, p.5, 2009.
DOI : 10.5153/sro.750

H. Litwin and K. Stoeckel, Confidant Network Types and Well-Being Among Older Europeans, The Gerontologist, vol.54, issue.5, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/geront/gnt056

K. Gallegos-carrillo, J. Mudgal, S. Sanchez-garcia, F. Wagner, J. Gallo et al., Social networks and health-related quality of life: a population based study among older adults, Salud P??blica de M??xico, vol.51, issue.1, pp.6-13, 2009.
DOI : 10.1590/S0036-36342009000100004

S. Cohen, Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease., Health Psychology, vol.7, issue.3, p.269, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-6133.7.3.269

N. Frasure-smith, F. Lespérance, G. Gravel, A. Masson, M. Juneau et al., Social Support, Depression, and Mortality During the First Year After Myocardial Infarction, Circulation, vol.101, issue.16, pp.1919-1943, 2000.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.101.16.1919

B. Uchino, Social Support and Health: A Review of Physiological Processes Potentially Underlying Links to Disease Outcomes, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol.12, issue.4, pp.377-87, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5

M. Hyyppä and J. Mäki, Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital, Health Education Research, vol.18, issue.6, pp.770-779, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/her/cyf044

L. Berkman, T. Glass, I. Brissette, and T. Seeman, From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium, Social Science & Medicine, vol.51, issue.6, pp.843-57, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00065-4

L. Ellwardt, T. Van-tilburg, M. Aartsen, R. Wittek, and N. Steverink, Personal Networks and Mortality Risk inOlder Adults: A Twenty-Year Longitudinal Study, PLoS ONE, vol.10, issue.3, 2015.

J. Cacioppo and L. Hawkley, Social Isolation and Health, with an Emphasis on Underlying Mechanisms, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol.46, issue.3x, pp.39-52, 2003.
DOI : 10.1353/pbm.2003.0063

J. House, Social Isolation Kills, But How and Why?, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol.63, issue.2, pp.273-277, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00006842-200103000-00011

B. Chaix, J. Merlo, D. Evans, C. Leal, and S. Havard, Neighbourhoods in eco-epidemiologic research: Delimiting personal exposure areas. A response to Riva, Gauvin, Apparicio and Brodeur, Social Science & Medicine, vol.69, issue.9, pp.1306-1316, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.018

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00416044

S. Cummins, Commentary: Investigating neighbourhood effects on health--avoiding the 'Local Trap', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.36, issue.2, pp.355-362, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dym033

Y. Kestens, A. Lebel, M. Daniel, M. Theriault, and R. Pampalon, Using experienced activity spaces to measure foodscape exposure, Health & Place, vol.16, issue.6, pp.1094-103, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.016

B. Stalvey, C. Owsley, M. Sloane, and K. Ball, The Life Space Questionnaire: A Measure of the Extent of Mobility of Older Adults, Journal of Applied Gerontology, vol.319, issue.26, pp.460-78, 1999.
DOI : 10.1177/073346489901800404

H. Shimada, T. Ishizaki, M. Kato, A. Morimoto, A. Tamate et al., How often and how far do frail elderly people need to go outdoors to maintain functional capacity?, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol.50, issue.2, pp.140-146, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.archger.2009.02.015

C. Auger, L. Demers, I. Gelinas, W. Miller, J. Jutai et al., Life-Space Mobility of Middle-Aged and Older Adults at Various Stages of Usage of Power Mobility Devices, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.91, issue.5, pp.765-73, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.018

M. Popescu, H. Boisjoly, H. Schmaltz, M. Kergoat, J. Rousseau et al., Age-related eye disease and mobility limitations in older adults, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2011.

C. Brown, D. Roth, R. Allman, P. Sawyer, C. Ritchie et al., Trajectories of Life-Space Mobility After Hospitalization, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.150, issue.6, pp.372-380, 2009.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-150-6-200903170-00005

A. Aberg, Care recipients??? perceptions of activity-related life space and life satisfaction during and after geriatric rehabilitation, Quality of Life Research, vol.8, issue.3, pp.509-529, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11136-008-9337-2

S. Makhija, G. Gilbert, O. Clay, J. Matthews, P. Sawyer et al., Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Life-Space Mobility in Community-dwelling Older Adults, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.44, issue.(9, pp.512-520, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03306.x

M. Duncan, H. Badland, and W. Mummery, Applying GPS to enhance understanding of transport-related physical activity, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol.12, issue.5, pp.549-56, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.10.010

K. Elgethun, M. Yost, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Nyerges, and R. Fenske, Comparison of global positioning system (GPS) tracking and parent-report diaries to characterize children's time???location patterns, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.196-206, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jes.7500496

M. Phillips, T. Hall, N. Esmen, R. Lynch, and D. Johnson, Use of global positioning system technology to track subject's location during environmental exposure sampling, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.207-222, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jea.7500161

D. Rodriguez, G. Cho, J. Elder, T. Conway, K. Evenson et al., Identifying Walking Trips from GPS and Accelerometer Data in Adolescent Females, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, vol.9, issue.3, p.421, 2012.
DOI : 10.1123/jpah.9.3.421

N. Shoval and M. Isaacson, Application of tracking technologies to the study of pedestrian spatial behavior*. Prof Geographer, pp.172-83, 2006.

D. Rodriguez, A. Brown, and P. Troped, Portable Global Positioning Units to Complement Accelerometry-Based Physical Activity Monitors, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.37, issue.Supplement, pp.572-81, 2005.
DOI : 10.1249/01.mss.0000185297.72328.ce

P. Troped, M. Oliveira, C. Matthews, E. Cromley, S. Melly et al., Prediction of Activity Mode with Global Positioning System and Accelerometer Data, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.40, issue.5, pp.972-980, 2008.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318164c407

P. Gaudreau, J. Morais, B. Shatenstein, K. Gray-donald, A. Khalil et al., Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging: Description of the Quebec Longitudinal Study NuAge and Results from Cross-Sectional Pilot Studies, Rejuvenation Research, vol.10, issue.3, pp.377-86, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/rej.2007.0596

L. Gauvin, L. Richard, Y. Kestens, B. Shatenstein, M. Daniel et al., Living in a Well-Serviced Urban Area Is Associated With Maintenance of Frequent Walking Among Seniors in the VoisiNuAge Study, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, vol.67, issue.1, pp.76-88, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/geronb/gbr134

D. Julien, L. Gauvin, L. Richard, Y. Kestens, and H. Payette, The Role of Social Participation and Walking in Depression among Older Adults: Results from the VoisiNuAge Study, Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, vol.17, issue.01, pp.1-12, 2013.
DOI : 10.1177/0020764008090792

L. Richard, L. Gauvin, Y. Kestens, B. Shatenstein, H. Payette et al., Neighborhood Resources and Social Participation Among Older Adults, Journal of Aging and Health, vol.17, issue.1, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/geronb/gbq085

G. Mercille, L. Richard, L. Gauvin, Y. Kestens, B. Shatenstein et al., Associations between residential food environment and dietary patterns in urban-dwelling older adults: results from the VoisiNuAge study, Public Health Nutrition, vol.19, issue.11, pp.1-14, 2012.
DOI : 10.1089/rej.2007.0596

B. Chaix, Y. Kestens, K. Bean, C. Leal, N. Karusisi et al., Cohort Profile: Residential and non-residential environments, individual activity spaces and cardiovascular risk factors and diseases--The RECORD Cohort Study, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.41, issue.5, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyr107

B. Thierry, T. Barnett, and Y. Kestens, Mobile technologies and people-place interaction analysis: Identifying significant activity places for health research, International Medical Geography Symposium, 2011.

B. Chaix, Y. Kestens, C. Perchoux, N. Karusisi, J. Merlo et al., An Interactive Mapping Tool to Assess Individual Mobility Patterns in Neighborhood Studies, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.43, issue.4, pp.440-50, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.06.026

A. Marin and K. Hampton, Simplifying the personal network name generator alternatives to traditional multiple and single name generators. Field Methods, pp.163-93, 2007.

J. Carrasco, B. Hogan, B. Wellman, and E. Miller, Collecting Social Network Data to Study Social Activity-Travel Behavior: An Egocentric Approach, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol.26, issue.1831, p.961, 2008.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511815478

B. Hirsch, Natural support systems and coping with major life changes, American Journal of Community Psychology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.159-72, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00912658

I. Levin and J. Stokes, An examination of the relation of individual difference variables to loneliness, Journal of Personality, vol.51, issue.4, pp.717-750, 1986.
DOI : 10.1037//0033-2909.96.3.465

B. Thierry, B. Chaix, and Y. Kestens, Detecting activity locations from raw GPS data: a novel kernel-based algorithm, International Journal of Health Geographics, vol.12, issue.1, p.14, 2013.
DOI : 10.1080/13658810701427569

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00820365

R. Brondeel, B. Pannier, and B. Chaix, Using GPS, GIS, and Accelerometer Data to Predict Transportation Modes, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.47, issue.12, pp.2669-75, 2015.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000704

M. Mason, Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews, Forum qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: qualitative social research: 2010, 2010.

S. Lord, C. Després, and T. Ramadier, When mobility makes sense: A qualitative and longitudinal study of the daily mobility of the elderly, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.31, issue.1, pp.52-61, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.02.007

J. Van-cauwenberg, V. Van-holle, D. Simons, R. Deridder, P. Clarys et al., Environmental factors influencing older adults??? walking for transportation: a study using walk-along interviews, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol.9, issue.1, p.85, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.031

R. Carpiano, Come take a walk with me: The ???Go-Along??? interview as a novel method for studying the implications of place for health and well-being, Health & Place, vol.15, issue.1, pp.263-72, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.05.003

R. Brondeel, B. Pannier, and B. Chaix, Using GPS, GIS, and Accelerometer Data to Predict Transportation Modes, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.47, issue.12, 2015.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000704

A. Schuit, E. Schouten, K. Westerterp, and W. Saris, Validity of the physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): According to energy expenditure assessed by the doubly labeled water method, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.50, issue.5, pp.541-547, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00010-3

R. Washburn, K. Smith, A. Jette, and C. Janney, The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.46, issue.2, pp.153-62, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4

P. Gardiner, B. Clark, G. Healy, E. Eakin, E. Winkler et al., Measuring Older Adults' Sedentary Time, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.43, issue.11, pp.2127-2160, 2011.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821b94f7

R. Lefrancois, G. Leclerc, M. Dubé, S. Hamel, and P. Gaulin, Valued Activities of Everyday Life Among the Very Old, Activities, Adaptation & Aging, vol.48, issue.3-4, pp.3-419, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/089826439700900307