N. Daw, Y. Niv, and P. Dayan, Uncertainty-based competition between prefrontal and dorsolateral striatal systems for behavioral control, Nature Neuroscience, vol.58, issue.12, pp.1704-1711, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1560

A. Graybiel, Habits, Rituals, and the Evaluative Brain, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol.31, issue.1, pp.359-387, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112851

A. Pasupathy and E. Miller, Different time courses of learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, Nature, vol.16, issue.7028, pp.873-876, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5286.427

K. Samejima and K. Doya, Multiple Representations of Belief States and Action Values in Corticobasal Ganglia Loops, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.20, issue.1, pp.213-228, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn1884

R. Munhoz, A. Cerasa, and M. Okun, Surgical treatment of dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease, Front Neurol, vol.5, p.65, 2014.

M. Cersosimo, G. Raina, F. Piedimonte, J. Antico, P. Graff et al., Pallidal surgery for the treatment of primary generalized dystonia: Long-term follow-up, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, vol.110, issue.2, pp.145-150, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.10.003

R. Kumar, A. Dagher, W. Hutchison, A. Lang, and A. Lozano, Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation for generalized dystonia: Clinical and PET investigation, Neurology, vol.53, issue.4, pp.871-874, 1999.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.53.4.871

P. Hedera, Treatment of Wilson's disease motor complications with deep brain stimulation, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.19, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.16-23, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/nyas.12372

M. Welter, D. Grabli, and M. Vidailhet, Deep brain stimulation for hyperkinetics disorders: dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, and tics, Current Opinion in Neurology, vol.23, pp.420-425, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833b7798

M. Desmurget and R. Turner, Motor Sequences and the Basal Ganglia: Kinematics, Not Habits, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.30, issue.22, pp.7685-7690, 2010.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0163-10.2010

F. Horak and M. Anderson, Influence of globus pallidus on arm movements in monkeys. I. Effects of kainic acid-induced lesions, J Neurophysiol, vol.52, pp.290-304, 1984.

J. Hore and T. Vilis, Arm movement performance during reversible basal ganglia lesions in the monkey, Experimental Brain Research, vol.39, issue.2, pp.217-228, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00237552

J. Mink and W. Thach, Basal ganglia motor control. III. Pallidal ablation: normal reaction time, muscle cocontraction, and slow movement, J Neurophysiol, vol.65, pp.330-351, 1991.

J. Dougan, F. Mcsweeney, and V. Farmer, Some parameters of behavioral contrast and allocation of interim behavior in rats, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, vol.44, issue.3, pp.325-335, 1985.
DOI : 10.1901/jeab.1985.44-325

L. Gilbert-norton, T. Shahan, and J. Shivik, Coyotes (Canis latrans) and the matching law, Behavioural Processes, vol.82, issue.2, pp.178-183, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.06.005

D. Graft, S. Lea, and T. Whitworth, The matching law in and within groups of rats1, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, vol.27, issue.1, pp.183-194, 1977.
DOI : 10.1901/jeab.1977.27-183

R. Herrnstein, Formal properties of the matching law1, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, vol.21, issue.1, pp.159-164, 1974.
DOI : 10.1901/jeab.1974.21-159

R. Kawagoe, Y. Takikawa, and O. Hikosaka, Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia, Nat Neurosci, vol.1, pp.411-416, 1998.

S. Laquitaine, C. Piron, D. Abellanas, Y. Loewenstein, and T. Boraud, Complex Population Response of Dorsal Putamen Neurons Predicts the Ability to Learn, PLoS ONE, vol.191, issue.11, p.80683, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0080683.s001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01160401

B. Lau and P. Glimcher, Value Representations in the Primate Striatum during??Matching Behavior, Neuron, vol.58, issue.3, pp.451-463, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.02.021

L. Matthews and W. Temple, Concurrent schedule assessment of food preference in cows, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, vol.32, issue.2, pp.245-254, 1979.
DOI : 10.1901/jeab.1979.32-245

G. Morris, A. Nevet, D. Arkadir, E. Vaadia, and H. Bergman, Midbrain dopamine neurons encode decisions for future action, Nature Neuroscience, vol.92, issue.8, pp.1057-1063, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1743

S. Palminteri, T. Boraud, G. Lafargue, B. Dubois, and M. Pessiglione, Brain Hemispheres Selectively Track the Expected Value of Contralateral Options, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.29, issue.43, pp.13465-13472, 2009.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1500-09.2009

A. Retailleau, C. Dejean, B. Fourneaux, X. Leinekugel, and T. Boraud, Why am I lost without dopamine? Effects of 6-OHDA lesion on the encoding of reward and decision process in CA3, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.59, pp.151-164, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.07.014

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01160385

K. Samejima, Y. Ueda, K. Doya, and M. Kimura, Representation of Action-Specific Reward Values in the Striatum, Science, vol.310, issue.5752, pp.1337-1340, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1115270

B. Pasquereau, A. Nadjar, and D. Arkadir, Shaping of Motor Responses by Incentive Values through the Basal Ganglia, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.27, issue.5, pp.1176-1183, 2007.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3745-06.2007

G. Paxinos, X. Huang, and A. Toga, The rhesus monkey brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 2000.

A. Leblois, T. Boraud, W. Meissner, H. Bergman, and D. Hansel, Competition between Feedback Loops Underlies Normal and Pathological Dynamics in the Basal Ganglia, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26, issue.13, pp.3567-3583, 2006.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5050-05.2006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00094738

M. Guthrie, A. Leblois, A. Garenne, and T. Boraud, Interaction between cognitive and motor cortico-basal ganglia loops during decision making: a computational study, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.109, issue.12, pp.3025-3040, 2013.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00026.2013

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828004

M. Topalidou, A. Leblois, T. Boraud, and N. Rougier, A long journey into reproducible computational neuroscience, Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, vol.515, p.30, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/515151a

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01109483

R. Albin, A. Young, and J. Penney, The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.12, issue.10, pp.366-375, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-2236(89)90074-X

G. Alexander and M. Crutcher, Preparation for movement: neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey, J Neurophysiol, vol.64, pp.133-150, 1990.

M. Delong, A. Georgopoulos, M. Crutcher, S. Mitchell, R. Richardson et al., Functional Organization of the Basal Ganglia: Contributions of Single-Cell Recording Studies, Ciba Found Sym, vol.2, pp.64-82, 1984.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470720882.ch5

R. Turner and M. Anderson, Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions, J Neurophysiol, vol.77, pp.1051-1074, 1997.

P. Brotchie, R. Iansek, and M. Horne, MOTOR FUNCTION OF THE MONKEY GLOBUS PALLIDUS, Brain, vol.114, issue.4, pp.1685-1702, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/114.4.1685

K. Doya, Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Time and Space, Neural Computation, vol.3, issue.1, pp.219-245, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/9.580874

H. Atallah, D. Lopez-paniagua, J. Rudy, O. Reilly, and R. , Separate neural substrates for skill learning and performance in the ventral and dorsal striatum, Nature Neuroscience, vol.113, issue.1, pp.126-131, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00575-8

M. Frank, J. Samanta, A. Moustafa, and S. Sherman, Hold Your Horses: Impulsivity, Deep Brain Stimulation, and Medication in Parkinsonism, Science, vol.318, issue.5854, pp.1309-1312, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1146157

M. Jahanshahi, I. Obeso, C. Baunez, M. Alegre, and P. Krack, Parkinson's Disease, the Subthalamic Nucleus, Inhibition, and Impulsivity, Movement Disorders, vol.3, issue.4 Suppl 1, pp.128-140, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/mds.26049

C. Baunez and T. Robbins, Bilateral Lesions of the Subthalamic Nucleus Induce Multiple Deficits in an Attentional Task in Rats, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.32, issue.suppl., pp.2086-2099, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01376.x

A. Garenne, B. Pasquereau, M. Guthrie, B. Bioulac, and T. Boraud, Basal ganglia preferentially encode context dependent choice in a twoarmed bandit task, Front Syst Neurosci, vol.5, p.23, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01155573

J. Sage, S. Anagnostaras, and S. Mitchell, Analysis of Probabilistic Classification Learning in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Before and After Pallidotomy Surgery, Learning & Memory, vol.10, issue.3, pp.226-236, 2003.
DOI : 10.1101/lm.45903

J. Obeso, M. Jahanshahi, and L. Alvarez, What can man do without basal ganglia motor output? The effect of combined unilateral subthalamotomy and pallidotomy in a patient with Parkinson's disease, Experimental Neurology, vol.220, issue.2, pp.283-292, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.030