A. Kilpatrick, Globalization, Land Use, and the Invasion of West Nile Virus, Science, vol.334, issue.6054, pp.323-360, 2011.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1201010

E. Donadieu, C. Bahuon, S. Lowenski, S. Zientara, M. Coulpier et al., Differential Virulence and Pathogenesis of West Nile Viruses, Viruses, vol.5, issue.11, pp.2856-2880, 2013.
DOI : 10.3390/v5112856

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190081

L. Petersen and J. Roehrig, West Nile Virus: A Reemerging Global Pathogen, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.4, pp.611-614, 2001.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0704.017401

L. Kramer, J. Li, and P. Shi, West Nile virus, The Lancet Neurology, vol.6, issue.2, pp.171-181, 1371.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70030-3

C. Cernescu, S. Ru??, G. Târdei, C. Grancea, L. Moldoveanu et al., A high number of severe neurologic clinical forms during an epidemic of West Nile virus infection, Rom J Virol, vol.48, pp.13-25, 1997.

S. Larrieu, E. Cardinale, P. Ocquidant, M. Roger, R. Lepec et al., A Fatal Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection in a Traveler Returning from Madagascar: Clinical, Epidemiological and Veterinary Investigations, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.89, issue.2, pp.211-213, 2013.
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274588

N. Nemeth, D. Gould, R. Bowen, and N. Komar, NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION IN FIVE RAPTOR SPECIES, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol.42, issue.1, pp.1-13, 2006.
DOI : 10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.1

A. Kilpatrick, S. Ladeau, and P. Marra, ECOLOGY OF WEST NILE VIRUS TRANSMISSION AND ITS IMPACT ON BIRDS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, The Auk, vol.124, issue.4, pp.1121-1136, 2007.
DOI : 10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1121:EOWNVT]2.0.CO;2

N. Komar and . West, West Nile Virus Surveillance using Sentinel Birds, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.28, issue.1, pp.58-73, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02685.x

C. Mathiot, Y. Clerc, F. Rodhain, J. Digoutte, and P. Coulanges, West-Nile virus in Madagascar, Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar, vol.51, pp.113-123, 1984.

D. Fontenille, F. Rodhain, J. Digoutte, C. Mathiot, J. Morvan et al., Transmission cycles of the West-Nile virus in Madagascar, Indian Ocean, Ann Soc Belg Med Trop, vol.69, pp.233-243, 1989.

J. Morvan, L. Chin, D. Fontenille, I. Rakotoarivony, and P. Coulanges, Prevalence of antibodies to West Nile virus in youngsters from 5 to 20 years old in Madagascar, Bull Soc Pathol Exot, vol.84, pp.225-234, 1991.

C. Lonchampt, R. Migliani, M. Ratsitorahina, L. Rabarijaona, C. Ramarokoto et al., Persistence of an endemic circulation of the West Nile virus in Madagascar, Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar, vol.69, pp.33-36, 2003.

L. Gouagna, J. Dehecq, D. Fontenille, Y. Dumont, and S. Boyer, Seasonal variation in size estimates of Aedes albopictus population based on standard mark???release???recapture experiments in an urban area on Reunion Island, Acta Tropica, vol.143, pp.89-96, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.011

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01285417

S. Boyer, M. Tantely, S. Randriamaherijaona, L. Andrianaivolambo, and E. Cardinale, Mosquitoes sampling strategy for studying West Nile virus vectors in Madagascar: Abundance, distribution and methods of catching in high risk areas, Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar, vol.71, pp.1-4, 2014.

I. García-bocanegra, N. Busquets, S. Napp, A. Alba, I. Zorrilla et al., Serosurvey of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex in birds from Andalusia, southern Spain Vector Borne and Zoonotic Dis, pp.1107-111302371, 2009.

F. Berthet, H. Zeller, M. Drouet, J. Rauzier, J. Digoutte et al., Extensive nucleotide changes and deletions within the envelope glycoprotein gene of Euro-African West Nile viruses., Journal of General Virology, vol.78, issue.9, pp.2293-2297, 1997.
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-78-9-2293

R. Edgar, MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.32, issue.5, pp.1792-1797, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkh340

K. Tamura, D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei et al., MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.28, issue.10, pp.2731-2739, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msr121

R. Team and R. , R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3.01 "Good Sport Austria: R Foundation Statistical Computing, 2013.

J. Peiris and F. Amerasinghe, West Nile Virus, Handbook of zoonoses . Section B: Viral, pp.139-148, 1994.

K. Aharonson-raz, A. Lichter-peled, S. Tal, B. Gelman, D. Cohen et al., Spatial and Temporal Distribution of West Nile Virus in Horses in Israel (1997???2013) - from Endemic to Epidemics, PLoS ONE, vol.48, issue.11, p.25402217
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0113149.t003

N. Komar, S. Langevin, S. Hinten, N. Nemeth, E. Edwards et al., Experimental Infection of North American Birds with the New York 1999 Strain of West Nile Virus, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.9, issue.3, pp.311-322, 2003.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0903.020628

T. Petrovi?, A. Blázquez, D. Lupulovi?, G. Lazi?, E. Escribano-romero et al., Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) infection in wild birds in Serbia during 2012: first isolation and characterisation of WNV strains from Serbia, Eurosurveillance, vol.18, issue.44, 2013.
DOI : 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.44.20622