P. Buchner, Endosymbiosis of Animals with Plant Microorganisms, 1965.

M. Poulsen, D. P. Erhardt, D. J. Molinaro, T. L. Lin, and C. R. Currie, Antagonistic Bacterial Interactions Help Shape Host-Symbiont Dynamics within the Fungus-Growing Ant-Microbe Mutualism, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.9, p.960, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0000960.t004

R. Ferriere, M. Gauduchon, and J. L. Bronstein, Evolution and persistence of obligate mutualists and exploiters: competition for partners and evolutionary immunization, Ecology Letters, vol.73, issue.2, pp.115-126, 2007.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1998.0305

J. Genini, L. P. Morellato, P. R. Guimaraes, . Jr, and J. M. Olesen, Cheaters in mutualism networks, Biology Letters, vol.7, issue.1, pp.494-497, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mch108

M. E. Hochberg, R. Gomulkiewicz, R. D. Holt, and J. N. Thompson, Weak sinks could cradle mutualistic symbioses - strong sources should harbour parasitic symbioses, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.38, issue.2, pp.213-222, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/285830

Y. Kikuchi and J. Graf, Spatial and Temporal Population Dynamics of a Naturally Occurring Two-Species Microbial Community inside the Digestive Tract of the Medicinal Leech, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.6, pp.1984-1991, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.01833-06

P. L. Worthen, C. J. Gode, and J. Graf, Culture-Independent Characterization of the Digestive-Tract Microbiota of the Medicinal Leech Reveals a Tripartite Symbiosis, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.72, issue.7, pp.4775-4781, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00356-06

M. C. Nelson, L. Bomar, and J. Graf, Complete Genome Sequence of the Novel Leech Symbiont Mucinivorans hirudinis M3T, Genome Announc, vol.3, pp.1530-1544, 2015.

M. Arumugam, Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome, Nature, vol.106, issue.7346, pp.174-180, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09944

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00903625

J. Marchesi, Human distal gut microbiome, Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.1, pp.3088-3102, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02574.x

J. Graf, Symbiosis of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech: a novel model for digestive tract associations, Infect Immun, vol.67, pp.1-7, 1999.

S. Indergand and J. Graf, Ingested Blood Contributes to the Specificity of the Symbiosis of Aeromonas veronii Biovar Sobria and Hirudo medicinalis, the Medicinal Leech, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.66, issue.11, pp.4735-4741, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.66.11.4735-4741.2000

R. V. Rio, M. Maltz, B. Mccormick, A. Reiss, and J. Graf, Symbiont Succession during Embryonic Development of the European Medicinal Leech, Hirudo verbana, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.75, issue.21, pp.6890-6895, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.01129-09

F. Backhed, R. E. Ley, J. L. Sonnenburg, D. A. Peterson, and J. Gordon, Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine, Science, vol.307, issue.5717, pp.1915-1920, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1104816

R. E. Ley, Obesity alters gut microbial ecology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.31, pp.11070-11075, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0504978102

J. M. Janda and S. L. Abbott, : An Expanding Panorama of Species, Disease Presentations, and Unanswered Questions, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.27, issue.2, pp.332-344, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/514652

M. Hu, N. Wang, Z. H. Pan, C. P. Lu, and Y. J. Liu, Identity and virulence properties of Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish, healthy controls and water environment in China, Letters in Applied Microbiology, vol.53, issue.3, pp.224-233, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03281.x

B. M. Ott, M. Cruciger, A. M. Dacks, and R. V. Rio, Hitchhiking of host biology by beneficial symbionts enhances transmission, Scientific Reports, vol.6, p.5825, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/srep05825

S. V. Nyholm and J. Graf, Knowing your friends: invertebrate innate immunity fosters beneficial bacterial symbioses, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.430, issue.12, pp.815-827, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro2894

A. Silver and J. Graf, Innate and procured immunity inside the digestive tract of the medicinal leech, Invertebrate Surviv J, vol.8, pp.173-178, 2011.

J. Graf, Y. Kikuchi, and R. Rio, Leeches and their microbiota: naturally simple symbiosis models, Trends in Microbiology, vol.14, issue.8, pp.365-371, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2006.06.009

A. C. Silver, Interaction between innate immune cells and a bacterial type III secretion system in mutualistic and pathogenic associations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.22, pp.9481-9486, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0700286104

R. L. Gallo and L. Hooper, Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.66, issue.7, pp.503-516, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nri3228

N. H. Salzman, Enteric defensins are essential regulators of intestinal microbial ecology, Nature Immunology, vol.200, issue.1, pp.76-83, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.1825

N. A. Lisitsyn, Enteric alpha defensins in norm and pathology, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, vol.11, issue.1, 2012.
DOI : 10.1186/1476-0711-11-1

R. Inoue, Postnatal changes in the expression of genes for cryptdins 1??????6 and the role of luminal bacteria in cryptdin gene expression in mouse small intestine, FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, vol.52, issue.3, pp.407-416, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00390.x

T. C. Bosch, Rethinking the role of immunity: lessons from Hydra, Trends in Immunology, vol.35, issue.10, pp.495-502, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2014.07.008

M. Zasloff, Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms, Nature, vol.415, issue.6870, pp.389-395, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/415389a

R. L. Gallo and L. Hooper, Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.66, issue.7, pp.503-516, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nri3228

M. A. Riley and D. M. Gordon, The ecological role of bacteriocins in bacterial competition, Trends in Microbiology, vol.7, issue.3, pp.129-133, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-842X(99)01459-6

O. Gillor, A. Etzion, and M. A. Riley, The dual role of bacteriocins as anti- and probiotics, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.28, issue.Pt 3, pp.591-606, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-008-1726-5

K. Büsing, W. Döll, and K. Freytag, Die Bakterienflora der medizinischen Blutegel, Archiv f???r Mikrobiologie, vol.34, issue.1, pp.52-86, 1953.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00412315

A. Tasiemski, Molecular Characterization of Two Novel Antibacterial Peptides Inducible upon Bacterial Challenge in an Annelid, the Leech Theromyzon tessulatum, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.30, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M312156200

D. Schikorski, Microbial Challenge Promotes the Regenerative Process of the Injured Central Nervous System of the Medicinal Leech by Inducing the Synthesis of Antimicrobial Peptides in Neurons and Microglia, The Journal of Immunology, vol.181, issue.2, pp.1083-1095, 2008.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1083

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00350100

C. Boidin-wichlacz, Morphological and functional characterization of leech circulating blood cells: role in immunity and neural repair, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol.209, issue.2, pp.1717-1731, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00018-011-0897-x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00731469

A. Tasiemski and M. Salzet, Leech Immunity: From Brain to Peripheral Responses, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.708, pp.80-104, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_5

M. E. Siddall, P. Trontelj, S. Y. Utevsky, M. Nkamany, and K. S. Macdonald, Diverse molecular data demonstrate that commercially available medicinal leeches are not Hirudo medicinalis, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.4, issue.10, 2007.
DOI : 10.1074/mcp.M500145-MCP200

M. E. Siddall, G. S. Min, F. M. Fontanella, A. J. Phillips, and S. C. Watson, Bacterial symbiont and salivary peptide evolution in the context of leech phylogeny, Parasitology, vol.99, issue.13, pp.1815-1827, 2011.
DOI : 10.1006/mpev.1999.0639

P. Messi, E. Guerrieri, and M. Bondi, water isolates, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.220, issue.1, pp.121-125, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00092-2

M. Yukioka, Y. Tsukamoto, Y. Saito, T. Tsuji, and S. Otani, Biosynthesis of gramicidin S by a cell-free system of bacillus brevis, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.19, issue.2, pp.204-208, 1965.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-291X(65)90505-X

M. A. Marahiel, T. Stachelhaus, and H. D. Mootz, Modular Peptide Synthetases Involved in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis, Chemical Reviews, vol.97, issue.7, pp.2651-2674, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/cr960029e

M. A. Riley and J. E. Wertz, Bacteriocins: Evolution, Ecology, and Application, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.56, issue.1, pp.117-137, 2002.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.161024

F. Bashey, S. K. Young, H. Hawlena, and C. M. Lively, Spiteful interactions between sympatric natural isolates of Xenorhabdus bovienii benefit kin and reduce virulence, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.275, issue.3, pp.431-437, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02441.x

F. Vigneux, F. Bashey, M. Sicard, and C. M. Lively, 17498 | DOI: 10.1038/srep17498 45 Low migration decreases interference competition among parasites and increases virulence, J Evol Biol, vol.5, issue.21, pp.1245-1251, 2008.

M. Van-baalen and M. W. Sabelis, The Milker-Killer Dilemma in Spatially Structured Predator-Prey Interactions, Oikos, vol.74, issue.3, pp.391-400, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/3545984

A. Tasiemski, Characterization and Function of the First Antibiotic Isolated from a Vent Organism: The Extremophile Metazoan Alvinella pompejana, PLoS ONE, vol.11, issue.4, p.95737, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0095737.s009

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01101011

F. H. Login, Antimicrobial Peptides Keep Insect Endosymbionts Under Control, Science, vol.334, issue.6054, pp.362-365, 2011.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1209728

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01018984

G. J. Christensen and H. Bruggemann, Bacterial skin commensals and their role as host guardians, Beneficial Microbes, vol.5, issue.2, pp.201-215, 2014.
DOI : 10.3920/BM2012.0062

S. Jung, Macin Family of Antimicrobial Proteins Combines Antimicrobial and Nerve Repair Activities, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.287, issue.17, pp.14246-14258, 2012.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M111.336495

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00731468

J. L. Round and S. K. Mazmanian, The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.65, issue.5, pp.313-323, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nri2515

J. H. Ryu, Innate Immune Homeostasis by the Homeobox Gene Caudal and Commensal-Gut Mutualism in Drosophila, Science, vol.319, issue.5864, pp.777-782, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1149357

K. Ray, Gut microbiota: Host???microbe interactions and the enteric nervous system: a new connection?, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.12, issue.6, p.311, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047

C. M. Maranduba, Intestinal Microbiota as Modulators of the Immune System and Neuroimmune System: Impact on the Host Health and Homeostasis, Journal of Immunology Research, vol.11, issue.2, p.931574, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/kfs315

M. A. Yanez, V. Catalan, D. Apraiz, M. J. Figueras, and A. J. Martinez-murcia, Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Aeromonas based on gyrB gene sequences, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.53, issue.3, pp.875-883, 2003.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.02443-0

A. Dereeper, fr: robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist, Nucleic acids research, vol.36, issue.9, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00324099

D. Schikorski, Deciphering the Immune Function and Regulation by a TLR of the Cytokine EMAPII in the Lesioned Central Nervous System Using a Leech Model, The Journal of Immunology, vol.183, issue.11, pp.7119-7128, 2009.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0900538

A. C. Silver and J. Graf, Innate and procured immunity inside the digestive tract of the medicinal leech, Invertebrate Surviv J, vol.8, pp.173-178, 2011.