P. Cury, Y. Shin, B. Planque, J. Durant, J. Fromentin et al., Ecosystem oceanography for global change in fisheries, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.23, issue.6, pp.338-346, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2008.02.005

J. Jannot and D. Holland, Identifying ecological and fishing drivers of bycatch in a U.S. groundfish fishery, Ecological Applications, vol.23, issue.7, pp.1645-1658, 2013.
DOI : 10.3354/meps09028

R. Costanza, F. Andrade, P. Antunes, M. Van-den-belt, D. Boersma et al., Principles for Sustainable Governance of the Oceans, Science, vol.281, issue.5374, pp.198-199, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.281.5374.198

D. Pauly, V. Christensen, S. Guenette, T. Pitcher, U. Sumaila et al., Towards sustainability in world fisheries, Nature, vol.52, issue.6898, pp.689-695, 2002.
DOI : 10.3354/meps154065

V. Christensen and J. Maclean, Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries: A Global Perspective, 2011.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511920943

M. Genner, D. Sims, A. Southward, G. Budd, P. Masterson et al., Body size-dependent responses of a marine fish assemblage to climate change and fishing over a century-long scale, Global Change Biology, vol.86, issue.2, pp.517-527, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02027.x

D. Klaoudatos, C. Kapiris, A. Conides, C. Papaconstantinou, and S. Glykokokkalos, Assessment of demersal distribution between two fishing areas in North and Central Greece, Intern. Aqua. Res, vol.2, pp.143-154, 2010.

W. Cheung, R. Watson, and P. D. , Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch, Nature, vol.68, issue.7449, pp.365-369, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature12156

F. Baeta, M. Batista, M. A. Costa, M. Cabral, and H. , Elasmobranch bycatch in a trammel net fishery in the Portuguese west coast, Fisheries Research, vol.102, issue.1-2, pp.123-129, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fishres.2009.10.016

D. Queirolo, K. Erzini, C. Hurtado, E. Gaete, and M. Soriguer, Species composition and bycatches of a new crustacean trawl in Chile, Fisheries Research, vol.110, issue.1, pp.149-159, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fishres.2011.04.001

W. Cheung, V. Lam, J. Sarmiento, K. Kearney, R. Watson et al., Large-scale redistribution of maximum fisheries catch potential in the global ocean under climate change, Global Change Biology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.24-35, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01995.x

S. Simpson, S. Jennings, M. Johnson, J. Blanchard, J. Schön et al., Continental Shelf-Wide Response of a Fish Assemblage to Rapid Warming of the Sea, Current Biology, vol.21, issue.18, p.21924906, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.016

M. Laurans, D. Gascuel, E. Chassot, and D. Thiam, Changes in the trophic structure of fish demersal communities in West Africa in the three last decades, Aquatic Living Resources, vol.17, issue.2, pp.163-173, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/alr:2004023

D. Hooper, F. Chapin, J. Ewel, A. Hector, P. Inchausti et al., EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE, Ecological Monographs, vol.75, issue.1, pp.3-35, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/285824
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00188090

T. Ferreira, J. Oliveira, N. Caiola, D. Sostoa, A. Casals et al., Ecological traits of fish assemblages from Mediterranean Europe and their responses to human disturbance, Fisheries Management and Ecology, vol.14, issue.6, pp.473-481, 2007.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1025352026974
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00288528

A. Jaureguizar, R. Lasta, and R. Guerrero, Fish assemblages of the northern Argentine coastal system: spatial patterns and their temporal variations, Fisheries Oceanography, vol.59, issue.4, pp.326-344, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00349263

I. Scor, Ecosystem effects of fishing, ICES J Mar Sci, vol.57, pp.465-791, 2000.

P. Giller, H. Hillebrand, U. Berninger, M. Gessner, S. Hawkins et al., Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: emerging issues and their experimental test in aquatic environments, Oikos, vol.81, issue.3, pp.423-436, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13253.x

T. Hughes, D. Bellwood, C. Folke, R. Steneck, and J. Wilson, New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.20, issue.7, pp.380-386, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.022

C. Harley, A. Hughes, K. Hultgren, B. Miner, C. Sorte et al., The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems, Ecology Letters, vol.30, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.228-241, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x

S. Greenstreet, F. Spence, A. Shanks, and J. Mcmillan, Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure. II. Trends in fishing effort in the North Sea by UK registered vessels landing in Scotland, Fisheries Research, vol.40, issue.2, pp.107-124, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00207-0

G. Bianchi, H. Gislason, K. Graham, L. Hill, J. X. Koranteng et al., Impact of fishing on size composition and diversity of demersal fish communities, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.57, issue.3, pp.558-571, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0727

F. Blanchard, F. Leloc-'h, C. Hily, and J. Boucher, Fishing effects on diversity, size and community structure of the benthic invertebrate and fish megafauna on the Bay of Biscay coast of France, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.280, pp.249-260, 2004.
DOI : 10.3354/meps280249

D. Yemane, J. Field, and R. Leslie, Exploring the effects of fishing on fish assemblages using Abundance Biomass Comparison (ABC) curves, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.62, issue.3, pp.374-379, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.01.009

N. Tolimieri and P. Levin, Assemblage Structure of Eastern Pacific Groundfishes on the US Continental Slope in Relation to Physical and Environmental Variables. T Am Fish Soc, pp.317-332, 2006.

S. Bosman, D. Methven, S. Courtenay, and J. Hanson, Fish assemblages in a north Atlantic coastal ecosystem: Spatial patterns and??environmental correlates, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.92, issue.2, pp.232-245, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2010.12.036

E. Mittelstaedt, The upwelling area off Northwest Africa???A description of phenomena related to coastal upwelling, Progress in Oceanography, vol.12, issue.3, pp.307-331, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0079-6611(83)90012-5

C. Roy, P. Cury, and S. Kifani, Pelagic fish recruitment success and reproductive strategy in upwelling areas: environmental compromises, South African Journal of Marine Science, vol.12, issue.1, pp.135-146, 1992.
DOI : 10.2989/02577619209504697

H. Minas, L. Codispoti, and R. Dugdale, Nutrients and primary production in the upwelling region off Northwest Africa. Rapp P-v Reun Cons int Explor Mer, pp.148-183, 1982.

B. Dubrovin, M. Mahfoud, and S. Dedah, La ZEE mauritanienne et son environnement géographique géomorphologique et hydroclimatique. Bull Cent Nat Rech Ocean Pêches, Nouadhibou, vol.23, pp.6-27, 1991.

E. Mittelstaedt, The ocean boundary along the northwest African coast: Circulation and oceanographic properties at the sea surface, Progress in Oceanography, vol.26, issue.4, pp.30-355, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0079-6611(91)90011-A

E. Hagen, Northwest African upwelling scenario, Oceanologica Acta, vol.24, pp.113-128, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-1784(00)01110-5

J. Zeeberg, A. Corten, and E. De-graaf, Bycatch and release of pelagic megafauna in industrial trawler fisheries off Northwest Africa, Fisheries Research, vol.78, issue.2-3, pp.186-195, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.01.012

E. Josse and S. Garcia, Description et évaluation des ressources halieutiques de la ZEE mauritanienne, COPACE/PACE Series 86, pp.16-27, 1986.

F. Domain, Contribution à la connaissance de l'écologie des poissons démersaux du plateau continental sénégalo-mauritanien. Les ressources démersales dans le contexte général du golfe de Guinée, 1980.

F. Lozano-cabo, Datos sobre la reparticion géografica de especies de peces de la costa de NW de Africa, Bol Real Soc Esp Hist Nat Secc Biol, vol.48, pp.5-14, 1950.

F. Lozano-cabo, Les cartes de pêche du Sahara espagnol Symposium sur les ressources vivantes du plateau continental africain du détroit de Gibraltar au Cap Vert, pp.1-4, 1968.

J. Brulhet and J. Maigret, Résultats préliminaires de la campagne de chalutage expérimental (janvier-juin)

J. Brulhet, J. Maigret, and M. Sy, Résultats de la campagne de chalutage expérimental autour du Banc d'Arguin 2 ème partie1972, Bull Cent Nat Rech Ocean Pêches, Nouadhibou, vol.3, pp.77-111, 1973.

D. Jouffre and C. Inejih, Assessing the impact of fisheries on demersal fish assemblages of the Mauritanian continental shelf, 1987?1999, using dominance curves, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.62, issue.3, pp.380-383, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.11.007

S. Garcia and L. Villegas, Demersal fish assemblages in Liberia

G. Bianchi, Study of the demersal assemblages of the continental shelf and upper slope off Congo and Gabon, based on the trawl surveys of the RV 'Dr Fridtjof Nansen', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.85, pp.9-23, 1992.
DOI : 10.3354/meps085009

O. Llinas, O. Gonzales, and O. Rueda, Oceanografia y recursos marinos en el atlántico centro-oriental, Instituto Canário das Ciências Marinas, 1996.

K. Koranteng, Structure and dynamics of demersal assemblages on the continental shelf and upper slope off Ghana, West Africa, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.220, pp.1-12, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/meps220001

P. Bergerard, F. Domain, and B. Richer-de-forges, Evaluation par chalutage des ressources démersales du plateau continental mauritanien, Bull Cent Nat Rech Oceanog Pêches, Nouadhibou, vol.11, pp.217-250, 1983.

F. Domain, Etude par chalutage des ressources démersales du plateau continental mauritanien In Rapp Group Trav CNROP/FAO/ORSTOM sur les ressources halieutiques de la ZEE mauritanienne, Annexe M, pp.16-27, 1985.

D. Gascuel, O. Abdelahi, O. Yeslim, B. Meissa, and J. Guitton, estimation des captures par espèce, pour les différentes flottilles opérant en Mauritanie de, Rapp 6 ème group trav « Evaluations des ressources et aménagement des pêcheries de la ZEE Mauritanienne » IMROP, pp.11-16, 1991.

J. Thioulouse, M. Simier, and D. Chessel, SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF A SEQUENCE OF PAIRED ECOLOGICAL TABLES, Ecology, vol.85, issue.1, pp.272-283, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02294050
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00698260

C. Lavit, Y. Escoufier, R. Sabatier, and P. Traissac, The ACT (STATIS method), Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol.18, issue.1, pp.97-119, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9473(94)90134-1

J. Thioulouse and D. Chessel, Les analyses multi-tableaux en écologie factorielle I De la typologie d'état à la typologie de fonctionnement par l'analyse triadique, Acta Oecol-Oec Gen, vol.8, pp.463-480, 1987.

S. Dray, D. Chessel, and J. Thioulouse, CO-INERTIA ANALYSIS AND THE LINKING OF ECOLOGICAL DATA TABLES, Ecology, vol.84, issue.11, pp.3078-3089, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00523.x

S. Dolédec and D. Chessel, Co-inertia analysis: an alternative method for studying species-environment relationships, Freshwater Biology, vol.31, issue.3, pp.277-294, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0269-7491(87)90079-0

M. Mazzocchi, L. Dubroca, C. García-comas, D. Capua, I. Ribera-d-'alcalà et al., Stability and resilience in coastal copepod assemblages: The case of the Mediterranean long-term ecological research at Station MC (LTER-MC), Progress in Oceanography, vol.97, issue.100, pp.97-100, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.11.003

B. Mérigot, J. Durbec, and J. Gaertner, On goodness-of-fit measure for dendrogram-based analyses, Ecology, vol.118, issue.6, pp.1850-1859, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16171.x

R. Tibshirani, G. Walther, and T. Hastie, Estimating the number of clusters in a data set via the gap statistic, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), vol.63, issue.2, pp.411-423, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9868.00293

R. Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, v 3.10 R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.

D. Bast, K. Lambert, B. Richer-de-forges, and R. Weiss, Etudes des principales espèces de crevettes des eaux mauritaniennes (N/R Eisbar, mars 1983) Bull Cent Nat Rech Oceanog Pêches, pp.149-63, 1984.

D. Bast, K. Lambert, B. Richer-de-forges, and R. Weiss, Evaluation des ressources démersales du talus continental mauritanienEisbar" (Février?Mars 1983). Bull Cent Nat Rech Oceanog Pêches, pp.127-175, 1984.

D. Bast, P. Bergerard, K. Lambert, J. Maigret, B. Richer-de-forges et al., Exploration par chalutage du talus continental des côtes mauritaniennes (Mission du N/R " Ernst Haechek " et du Bull Cent Nat Rech Oceanog Pêches, pp.157-215, 1982.

J. Gaudechoux and B. Richer-de-forges, Evaluation des ressources démersales dans la Baie du Lévrier et dans la partie nord du Banc d'Arguin en situation de saison froide, Bull Cent Nat Rech Oceanog Pêches, pp.114-126, 1984.

G. Bianchi, Demersal assemblages of the continental shelf and upper slope of Angola, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.81, pp.101-120, 1992.
DOI : 10.3354/meps081101

T. Fujita, T. Inada, and Y. Ishito, Depth-gradient structure of the demersal fish community on the continental shelf and upper slope off Sendai Bay, Japan, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.118, pp.13-23, 1995.
DOI : 10.3354/meps118013

C. Garcia, L. Duarte, V. Schiller, and D. , Demersal fish assemblages of the Gulf of Salamanca, Colombia (southern Caribbean Sea), Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.174, pp.13-25, 1998.
DOI : 10.3354/meps174013

J. Morantal, C. Stefanescu, E. Massuti, B. Morales-nin, and D. Lloris, Fish community structure and depthrelated trends on the continental slope of the Balearic Islands (Algerian basin

F. Colloca, M. Cardinale, A. Belluscio, and G. Ardizzone, Pattern of distribution and diversity of demersal assemblages in the central Mediterranean Sea, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.56, issue.3-4, pp.469-480, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00196-8

M. Labropoulou and C. Papaconstantinou, Effect of fishing on community structure of démersale fish assemblages, Belgian J Zool, vol.135, pp.191-197, 2005.

G. Menezes, M. Sigler, H. Silva, and M. Pinho, Structure and zonation of demersal fish assemblages off the Azores Archipelago (mid-Atlantic), Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.324, pp.241-260, 2006.
DOI : 10.3354/meps324241

W. Wooster, A. Bakun, and D. Mclain, The seasonal upwelling cycle along the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic, J Mar Res, vol.34, pp.131-141, 1976.

Y. Loktionov, Contribution à l'analyse d'intensité de l'upwelling près du Cap Blanc (Mauritanie) à partir des températures d'eau de la station « standard » Bayadère, Bull Cent Nat Rech Oceanog Pêches, pp.1-9, 1989.

H. Filipsson, O. Romero, J. Stuut, and B. Donner, Relationships between primary productivity and bottom-water oxygenation off northwest Africa during the last deglaciation, Journal of Quaternary Science, vol.240, issue.4, pp.448-456, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/jqs.1473

P. Hughes and E. Barton, Stratification and water mass structure in the upwelling area off North-West African, Deep Sea Res, vol.21, pp.611-628, 1969.

D. Gascuel, P. Labrosse, B. Meissa, T. Sidi, M. Guénette et al., Decline of demersal resources in North-West Africa: an analysis of Mauritanian trawl-survey data over the past 25 years, African Journal of Marine Science, vol.29, issue.3, pp.331-345, 2007.
DOI : 10.2989/AJMS.2007.29.3.3.333

Z. Ansari, A. Chatterji, B. Ingole, R. Sreepada, C. Rivonkar et al., Community structure and seasonal variation of an inshore demersal fish community at Goa, West Coast of India, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.41, issue.5, pp.593-610, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7714(95)90029-2

S. Greenstreet and S. Hall, Fishing and the Ground-Fish Assemblage Structure in the North-Western North Sea: An Analysis of Long-Term and Spatial Trends, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.65, issue.5, pp.577-598, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/5738

P. Levin, E. Holmes, K. Piner, and C. Harvey, Shifts in a Pacific Ocean Fish Assemblage: the Potential Influence of Exploitation, Conservation Biology, vol.60, issue.4, pp.1181-1190, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00400.x

S. Vaz, A. Carpentier, and F. Coppin, Eastern English Channel fish assemblages: measuring the structuring effect of habitats on distinct sub-communities, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.64, issue.2, pp.271-287, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsl031

R. Schemainda, D. Nehring, and S. Schulz, Ozeanologische Untersuchungen zur produktions potential der nordwestafrikanischen wasserauftriebs region 1970?1973, Geodälischeu Geophys Veröff, vol.4, pp.4-88, 1975.

M. Gillbricht, Phytoplankton distribution in the upwelling area off NW Africa, Helgol??nder Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, vol.14, issue.4, pp.417-438, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01609981

R. Arfi, Variabilité interannuelle de l'hydrologie d'une région d'upwelling (bouée Bayadère, Cap Blanc, Mauritanie), Oceanol Acta, vol.10, pp.151-159, 1987.

P. Fréon, J. Alheit, E. Barton, S. Kifani, and P. Marchesiello, 9 Modelling, forecasting and scenarios in comparable upwelling ecosystems: California, Canary and Humboldt, Larg Mar Ecosys, vol.14, pp.185-220, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1570-0461(06)80014-5

Y. Pradhan, S. Lavender, N. Hardman-mountford, and J. Aiken, Seasonal and inter-annual variability of chlorophyll-a concentration in the Mauritanian upwelling: Observation of an anomalous event during 1998???1999, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol.53, issue.14-16, pp.1548-1559, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.016

G. Bianchi, Demersal assemblages of the continental shelf and slope edge between the Gulf of Tehuantepec (Mexico) and the Gulf of Papagayo (Costa Rica), Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.73, pp.121-140, 1991.
DOI : 10.3354/meps073121

Y. Tian, H. Kidokoro, and T. Fujino, Interannual-decadal variability of demersal fish assemblages in the Tsushima Warm Current region of the Japan Sea: Impacts of climate regime shifts and trawl fisheries with implications for ecosystem-based management, Fisheries Research, vol.112, issue.3, pp.140-153, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fishres.2011.01.034

M. Loreau and N. Mouquet, Immigration and the Maintenance of Local Species Diversity, The American Naturalist, vol.154, issue.4, pp.427-440, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/303252

J. Soberon, Grinnellian and Eltonian niches and geographic distributions of species, Ecology Letters, vol.2, issue.12, pp.1115-1123, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/1063515060081570

I. Boulangeat, D. Gravel, and W. Thuiller, Accounting for dispersal and biotic interactions to disentangle the drivers of species distributions and their abundances, Ecology Letters, vol.88, issue.6, pp.584-593, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01772.x

L. Cavieres, R. Brooker, B. Butterfield, B. Cook, Z. Kikvidze et al., Facilitative plant interactions and climate simultaneously drive alpine plant diversity, Ecology Letters, vol.103, issue.2, pp.193-202, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/ele.12217
URL : http://agritrop.cirad.fr/575399/