F. Ardr-e, Contribution a l' etude des algues marines du portugal. La flore, Portugalia Acta Biologica, 1970.

J. Assis, D. Tavares, J. Tavares, A. Cunha, F. Alberto et al., Findkelp, a GIS-based community participation project to assess Portuguese kelp conservation status, Journal of Coastal Research, vol.3, pp.1469-1473, 2009.

J. Assis, N. C. Coelho, F. Alberto, M. Valero, P. Raimondi et al., High and Distinct Range-Edge Genetic Diversity despite Local Bottlenecks, PLoS ONE, vol.321, issue.7, p.68646, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0068646.s007

J. Assis, E. A. Serr~-ao, B. Claro, C. Perrin, and G. A. Pearson, Climate-driven range shifts explain the distribution of extant gene pools and predict future loss of unique lineages in a marine brown alga, Molecular Ecology, vol.11, issue.11, pp.2797-810, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/mec.12772

J. Assis, M. Zupan, K. R. Nicastro, G. I. Zardi, C. D. Mcquaid et al., Oceanographic Conditions Limit the Spread of a Marine Invader along Southern African Shores, PLOS ONE, vol.35, issue.118, p.128124, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0128124.s003

E. Ballesteros, M. Sans-on, J. Reyes, J. Afonso-carrill, and M. C. Gil-rodr-iguez, New Records of Benthic Marine Algae from the Canary Islands, Botanica Marina, vol.35, issue.6, pp.513-522, 1992.
DOI : 10.1515/botm.1992.35.6.513

K. Belkhir, P. Borsa, L. Chikhi, N. Raufaste, and F. Bonhomme, Genetix 4.05, Population genetics software for Windows TM, Laboratoire Genome, 2004.

L. Carney, A. Bohonak, M. Edwards, and F. Alberto, Genetic and experimental evidence for a mixed-age, mixed-origin bank of kelp microscopic stages in southern California, Ecology, vol.94, issue.9, pp.1955-1965, 2013.
DOI : 10.3354/meps07929

G. Charria, P. Lazure, B. Le-cann, A. Serpette, G. Reverdin et al., Surface layer circulation derived from Lagrangian drifters in the Bay of Biscay, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.109, issue.110, pp.109-110, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.09.015

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00815140

P. Dayton, Ecology of Kelp Communities, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.16, issue.1, pp.215-245, 1985.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001243

E. G. Dechaine and A. P. Martin, HISTORIC CYCLES OF FRAGMENTATION AND EXPANSION IN PARNASSIUS SMINTHEUS (PAPILIONIDAE) INFERRED USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, Evolution, vol.140, issue.1, pp.113-127, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/2410802

O. E. Diekmann, J. A. Coyer, J. Ferreira, J. L. Olsen, W. T. Stam et al., Population genetics of Zostera noltii along the west Iberian coast: consequences of small population size, habitat discontinuity and near-shore currents, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.290, pp.89-96, 2005.
DOI : 10.3354/meps290089

C. G. Eckert, K. E. Samis, and S. C. Lougheed, Genetic variation across species??? geographical ranges: the central???marginal hypothesis and beyond, Molecular Ecology, vol.27, issue.5, pp.1170-1188, 2008.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1600

J. Elith, J. R. Leathwick, and T. Hastie, A working guide to boosted regression trees, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.27, issue.4, pp.802-815, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01141.x

C. R. Engel, M. L. Guillemin, A. M. Jacob, M. Valero, and F. Viard, PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation of microsatellite loci from the kelp, Saccorhiza polyschides (Heterokontophyta, incertae sedis), Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.41, issue.2, pp.406-408, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01972.x

C. W. Epps, P. J. Palsboll, J. D. Wehausen, G. K. Roderick, and D. R. Mccullough, Elevation and connectivity define genetic refugia for mountain sheep as climate warms, Molecular Ecology, vol.146, issue.14, pp.4295-4302, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03103.x

G. Evanno, S. Regnaut, and J. Goudet, Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.2611-2620, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1600

L. Excoffier, M. Foll, and R. J. Petit, Genetic Consequences of Range Expansions, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.40, issue.1, pp.481-501, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173414

C. Fern-andez, The retreat of large brown seaweeds on the north coast of Spain: the case of Saccorhiza polyschides, European Journal of Phycology, vol.46, pp.37-41, 2011.

A. Flores-moya, Warm Temperate Seaweed Communities: A Case Study of Deep Water Kelp Forests from the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean Sea) and the Strait of Gibraltar, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-28451-9_15

J. Goudet, FSTAT (Version 1.2): A Computer Program to Calculate F-Statistics, Journal of Heredity, vol.86, issue.6, pp.485-486, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627

M. H. Graham, B. P. Kinlan, L. D. Druehl, L. E. Garske, and S. Banks, Deep-water kelp refugia as potential hotspots of tropical marine diversity and productivity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, pp.16576-16580, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0704778104

A. Hampe and R. J. Petit, Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters, Ecology Letters, vol.359, issue.5, pp.461-468, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00739.x

G. M. Hewitt, Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.58, issue.3, pp.247-276, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01434.x

G. M. Hewitt, The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages, Nature, vol.405, issue.6789, pp.907-913, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35016000

G. M. Hewitt, Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.359, issue.1442, pp.183-95, 2004.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2003.1388

A. Jueterbock, L. Tyberghein, H. Verbruggen, J. A. Coyer, J. L. Olsen et al., Climate change impact on seaweed meadow distribution in the North Atlantic rocky intertidal, Ecology and Evolution, vol.185, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.1356-1373, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/ece3.541

D. Kamykowski and S. J. Zentara, Predicting plant nutrient concentrations from temperature and sigma-t in the upper kilometer of the world ocean. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, pp.89-105, 1986.

L. B. Ladah and J. A. Zertuche-gonzalez, Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) survival in deep water (25???40??m) during El Ni??o of 1997???1998 in Baja California, Mexico, Botanica Marina, vol.47, issue.5, pp.367-372, 2004.
DOI : 10.1515/BOT.2004.054

R. Leimu, P. Mutikainen, J. Koricheva, and M. Fischer, How general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness and genetic variation?, Journal of Ecology, vol.11, issue.5, pp.942-952, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01150.x

C. A. Maggs, R. Castilho, D. Foltz, C. Henzler, M. T. Jolly et al., EVALUATING SIGNATURES OF GLACIAL REFUGIA FOR NORTH ATLANTIC BENTHIC MARINE TAXA, Ecology, vol.39, issue.sp11, pp.108-122, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00292.x

P. G. Meirmans and P. H. Van-tienderen, genotype and genodive: two programs for the analysis of genetic diversity of asexual organisms, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.86, issue.4, pp.792-794, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800248

M. E. Morand, S. Brachet, P. Rossignol, J. Dufour, and N. Frascaria-lacoste, A generalized heterozygote deficiency assessed with microsatellites in French common ash populations, Molecular Ecology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.377-385, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01461.x

J. Neiva, G. A. Pearson, M. Valero, and E. A. Serr~-ao, Drifting fronds and drifting alleles: range dynamics, local dispersal and habitat isolation shape the population structure of the estuarine seaweed Fucus ceranoides, Journal of Biogeography, vol.163, issue.6, pp.1167-1178, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02670.x

J. Neiva, G. A. Pearson, M. Valero, and E. A. Serr~-ao, Fine-scale genetic breaks driven by historical range dynamics and ongoing density-barrier effects in the estuarine seaweed Fucus ceranoides L., The Authors, 2012.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-12-78

J. Neiva, J. Assis, N. C. Coelho, F. Fernandes, G. A. Pearson et al., Genes Left Behind: Climate Change Threatens Cryptic Genetic Diversity in the Canopy-Forming Seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata, PLOS ONE, vol.3, issue.7, p.131530, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0131530.s006

T. A. Norton, EXPERIMENTS ON THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF SACCORHIZA POLYSCHIDES AND SACCORHIZA DERMATODEA, New Phytologist, vol.10, issue.3, pp.625-635, 1977.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1977.tb02167.x

T. A. Norton and G. R. South, Influence of Reduced Salinity on the Distribution of Two Laminarian Algae, Oikos, vol.20, issue.2, pp.320-326, 1969.
DOI : 10.2307/3543199

C. Parmesan, Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.37, issue.1, pp.637-669, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100

M. V. Pastor, J. L. Pelegr-i, A. Hern-andez-guerra, J. Font, J. Salat et al., Water and nutrient fluxes off Northwest Africa, Continental Shelf Research, vol.28, issue.7, pp.915-936, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csr.2008.01.011

P. B. Pearman, M. D-'amen, C. H. Graham, W. Thuiller, and N. E. Zimmermann, Within-taxon niche structure: niche conservatism, divergence and predicted effects of climate change, Ecography, vol.120, issue.6, pp.990-1003, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06443.x

C. Pehlke and I. Bartsch, Changes in depth distribution and biomass of sublittoral seaweeds at Helgoland (North Sea) between 1970 and 2005, Climate Research, vol.37, issue.2-3, pp.135-147, 1970.
DOI : 10.3354/cr00767

W. R. Peltier, GLOBAL GLACIAL ISOSTASY AND THE SURFACE OF THE ICE-AGE EARTH: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.32, issue.1, pp.111-149, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359

T. Pereira, A. Engelen, G. A. Pearson, E. A. Serr~-ao, C. Destombe et al., Temperature effects on the microscopic haploid stage development of Laminaria ochroleuca and Sacchoriza polyschides, kelps with contrasting life histories, Cahiers de Biologie Marine, vol.52, pp.395-403, 2011.

T. R. Pereira, A. H. Engelen, G. A. Pearson, M. Valero, and E. A. Serr~-ao, Contrasting timing of life stages across latitudes ??? a case study of a marine forest-forming species, European Journal of Phycology, vol.52, issue.3, pp.361-369, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.021

T. R. Pereira, A. H. Engelen, G. A. Pearson, M. Valero, and E. A. Serr~-ao, Response of kelps from different latitudes to consecutive heat shock, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.463, pp.57-62, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2014.10.022

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01146583

A. L. Perry, P. J. Low, J. R. Ellis, and J. D. Reynolds, Climate Change and Distribution Shifts in Marine Fishes, Science, vol.308, issue.5730, pp.1912-1917, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1111322

R. D. Pingree and B. Le-cann, Celtic and Armorican slope and shelf residual currents, Progress in Oceanography, vol.23, issue.4, pp.303-338, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0079-6611(89)90003-7

J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, vol.155, pp.945-959, 2000.

J. Provan and K. D. Bennett, Phylogeographic insights into cryptic glacial refugia. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.564-571, 2008.

J. Provan and C. A. Maggs, Unique genetic variation at a species' rear edge is under threat from global climate change, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.91, issue.1-3, pp.39-47, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00085-3

G. Ramstein, M. Kageyama, J. Guiot, H. Wu, C. Ely et al., How cold was Europe at the Last Glacial Maximum? A synthesis of the progress achieved since the first PMIP model-data comparison, Climate of the Past Discussions, pp.197-220, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00330755

V. Raybaud, G. Beaugrand, E. Goberville, G. Delebecq, C. Destombe et al., Decline in Kelp in West Europe and Climate, PLoS ONE, vol.24, issue.6, p.66044, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0066044.s003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01110791

M. Ruiz-villarreal, C. Gonzalez-pola, G. Diaz-del-rio, A. Lavin, P. Otero et al., Oceanographic conditions in North and Northwest Iberia and their influence on the Prestige oil spill, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.53, issue.5-7, pp.220-238, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.03.011

T. Sarhan, J. Garc-ia-lafuente, M. Vargas, J. M. Vargas, and F. Plaza, Upwelling mechanisms in the northwestern Alboran Sea, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.23, issue.4, pp.317-331, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-7963(99)00068-8

C. Van-oosterhout, W. F. Hutchinson, D. P. Wills, and P. Shipley, micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.8, issue.3, pp.535-538, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00477.x

H. Wanner, J. Beer, J. B?-utikofer, T. J. Crowley, U. Cubasch et al., Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: an overview, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.27, issue.19-20, pp.1791-1828, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.013

M. C. Whitlock, and D do not replace FST, Molecular Ecology, vol.28, issue.6, pp.1083-91, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04996.x

A. Young, T. Boyle, and T. Brown, The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.11, issue.10, pp.413-418, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(96)10045-8