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, LAMP-1 (purple) and GFP-expressing AIEC bacteria in infected-THP-1 macrophages at 2 h post infection. THP-1 macrophages were treated with rapamycin at 40 mg ml-1 or starved (HBSS medium) for a 2 h period in order to induce autophagy, A. Confocal microscopy examinations of colocalization between LC3 (red)

B. and C. , After 20 min infection THP-1 macrophages were incubated with gentamicin-containing RPMI medium supplemented with rapamycin at 40 mg ml-1 (white bar) or gentamicin-containing HBSS medium (grey bar) for a 2 h period in order to induce autophagy, immediately after AIEC cell infection (B) or at 20 h post infection (C). The numbers of intracellular bacteria were determined by cfu quantification. Results are expressed as the number of intracellular bacteria after the 2 h period of autophagy

D. , Protein extracts from uninfected and AIEC-infected cells that were treated or not with rapamycin at 40 mg ml-1 for 1 h were processed for immunoblotting with anti-LC3 and anti-actin, Quantification of LC3-II relative to actin is displayed below immunoblot

E. , The level of TNF-a secreted in response to AIEC infection was compared in untreated THP-1 macrophages and in macrophages for which autophagy was induced by treating cells with rapamycin at 40 mg ml-1 or by starving them (HBSS medium) for a 2 h period prior to infection. Data are means (pg ml-1 ) SEM of cytokine amounts released in cell culture supernatants at 24 h post infection

F. Wild-type and N. , peritoneal macrophages were treated with rapamycin at 40 mg ml-1 (white bar) or starved (HBSS medium, grey bar) during the gentamicin incubation period (1 h or 4 h post infection). The numbers of intracellular AIEC bacteria were determined by cfu quantification. Results are expressed as percentages of the number of intracellular AIEC bacteria at 4 h post infection relative to those obtained at 1 h post infection

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