D. Batista, G. Muricy, C. Rocha, R. Miekeley, and N. F. , Marine sponges with contrasting life histories can be complementary biomonitors of heavy metal pollution in coastal ecoystems, Environmental Science of Pollution Research, vol.21, pp.5784-5794, 2014.

R. A. Bell and J. R. Kramer, Structural chemistry and geochemistry of silver-sulfur compounds: critical review, Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.18, pp.9-22, 1999.

C. S. Brierley, Bioremediation of metal-contaminated surface and ground-water, 1990.

E. Cebrian, J. M. Uriz, and X. Turon, SPONGES AS BIOMONITORS OF HEAVY METALS IN SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SURVEYS IN NORTHWESTERN MEDITERRANEAN: MULTISPECIES COMPARISON, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.26, issue.11, pp.2430-2439, 2007.
DOI : 10.1897/07-292.1

E. Cebrian, M. J. Uriz, and X. Turon, SPONGES AS BIOMONITORS OF HEAVY METALS IN SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SURVEYS IN NORTHWESTERN MEDITERRANEAN: MULTISPECIES COMPARISON, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.26, issue.11, pp.2430-2439, 2007.
DOI : 10.1897/07-292.1

J. Chang and J. Hong, Biosorption of mercury by the inactivated cells ofpseudomonas aeruginosa PU21 (Rip64), Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.24, issue.8, pp.999-1006, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/bit.260440817

J. Chang, R. Law, and C. Chang, Biosorption of lead, copper and cadmium by biomass of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21, Water Research, vol.31, issue.7, pp.1651-1658, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00008-0

R. Coma, M. Ribes, J. M. Gili, and R. N. Hughes, The ultimate opportunists: consumers of seston, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.219, pp.305-308, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/meps219305

M. E. Conti and M. Iacobucci, Marine organisms as biomonitors, 2008.
DOI : 10.2495/978184564002604

J. De-goeij, D. Van-oevelen, M. J. Vermeij, R. Osinga, J. J. Middelburg et al., Surviving in a Marine Desert: The Sponge Loop Retains Resources Within Coral Reefs, Science, vol.342, issue.6154, pp.108-110, 2013.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1241981

C. De-mestre, W. Maher, D. Roberts, A. Broad, F. Krikowa et al., Sponges as sentinels: Patterns of spatial and intra-individual variation in trace metal concentration, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.64, issue.1, pp.80-89, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.020

P. M. Erwin, J. B. Olson, and R. W. Thacker, Phylogenetic Diversity, Host-Specificity and Community Profiling of Sponge-Associated Bacteria in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.11, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0026806.s013

N. S. Fisher, Accumulation of metals by marine picoplankton, Marine Biology, vol.17, issue.2, pp.137-142, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00539421

A. B. Friedrich, H. Merkert, T. Fendert, J. Hacker, P. Proksch et al., Microbial diversity in the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola (formerly Verongia cavernicola) analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Marine Biology, vol.134, issue.3, pp.461-470, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002270050562

G. M. Gadd, Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms, Experientia, vol.24, issue.8, pp.834-840, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01935534

G. M. Gadd, O. S. Laurence, P. A. Briscoe, and J. T. Trevors, Silver accumulation inPseudomonas stutzeri AG259, Biology of Metals, vol.56, issue.3, pp.168-173, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01142556

T. Labarthe, Comparative bioaccumulation kinetics of trace elements in Mediterranean marine sponges, Chemosphere, vol.89, pp.340-349, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01070265

C. L. Grant and D. Pramer, Minor element composition of yeast extract, J Bacteriol, vol.84, pp.869-870, 1962.

E. Hadas and D. Marie, Virus predation by sponges is a new nutrient-flow pathway in coral reef food webs, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.51, issue.3, pp.1548-1550, 2006.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2006.51.3.1548

C. Haefeli, C. Franklin, and K. Hardy, Plasmid-determined silver resistance in Pseudomonas stutzeri isolated from a silver mine, J Bacteriol, vol.158, pp.389-392, 1984.

I. V. Hansen, J. M. Weeks, and M. H. Depledge, Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium by the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas and the implications for biomonitoring, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.31, issue.1-3, pp.133-138, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(94)00228-2

U. Hentschel, K. M. Usher, and M. W. Taylor, Marine sponges as microbial fermenters, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.55, issue.2, pp.167-177, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2005.00046.x

F. Hoffmann, H. Røy, K. Bayer, U. Hentschel, M. Pfannkuchen et al., Oxygen dynamics and transport in the Mediterranean sponge Aplysina aerophoba, Marine Biology, vol.74, issue.6, pp.1257-1264, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-008-0905-3

A. Iyer, K. Mody, and B. Jha, Biosorption of heavy metals by a marine bacterium, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.50, issue.3, pp.340-343, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.012

S. Junqua, L. Robert, R. Garrone, M. P. De-ceccatty, and J. Vacelet, Biochemical and Morphological Studies on Collagens of Horny Sponges. Ircinia Filaments Compared to Spongines, Connective Tissue Research, vol.4, issue.3, pp.193-203, 1974.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01496.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00313525

C. F. Keung, F. Guo, P. Qian, and W. X. Wang, INFLUENCES OF METAL-LIGAND COMPLEXES ON THE CADMIUM AND ZINC BIOKINETICS IN THE MARINE BACTERIUM, BACILLUS FIRMUS, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.27, issue.1, pp.131-137, 2008.
DOI : 10.1897/07-048.1

T. Klaus, R. Joerger, E. Olsson, and C. Granqvist, Silver-based crystalline nanoparticles, microbially fabricated, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.96, issue.24, pp.13611-13614, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.24.13611

J. Kowalke, Ecology and energetics of two Antarctic sponges, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.247, issue.1, pp.85-97, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00141-6

T. Lacoue-labarthe, M. Warnau, F. Oberhänsli, J. Teyssié, and P. Bustamante, Bioaccumulation of inorganic Hg by the juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis exposed to 203Hg radiolabelled seawater and food, Aquatic Biology, vol.6, pp.91-98, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/ab00172

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00415807

T. Lacoue-labarthe, M. Warnau, F. Oberhänsli, J. Teyssié, and P. Bustamante, Contrasting accumulation biokinetics and distribution of 241Am, Co, Cs, Mn and Zn during the whole development time of the eggs of the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.382, issue.2, pp.131-138, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2009.10.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00445618

J. Lalucat, A. Bennasar, R. Bosch, E. Garciá-valdés, and N. J. Palleroni, Biology of Pseudomonas stutzeri, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.70, issue.2, pp.510-547, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.00047-05

L. H. Leach, J. C. Morris, and T. A. Lewis, The role of the siderophore pyridine-2,6-bis (thiocarboxylic acid) (PDTC) in zinc utilization by Pseudomonas putida DSM 3601, BioMetals, vol.58, issue.5, pp.717-726, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10534-006-9035-x

T. A. Lewis, L. Leach, S. Morales, P. R. Austin, H. J. Hartwell et al., Physiological and molecular genetic evaluation of the dechlorination agent, pyridine-2,6-bis(monothiocarboxylic acid) (PDTC) as a secondary siderophore of Pseudomonas, Environmental Microbiology, vol.120, issue.2, pp.159-169, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00558.x

X. Z. Li, H. Nikaido, and K. E. Williams, Silver-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli display active efflux of Ag+ and are deficient in porins., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.179, issue.19, pp.6127-6132, 1997.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.179.19.6127-6132.1997

S. N. Luoma, Processes affecting metal concentrations in estuarine and coastal marine sediments Heavy metals in the marine environment, pp.51-66, 1990.

A. Malik, Metal bioremediation through growing cells, Environment International, vol.30, issue.2, pp.261-278, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2003.08.001

M. Metian, P. Bustamante, R. P. Cosson, L. Hédouin, and M. Warnau, Investigation of Ag in the king scallop Pecten maximus using field and laboratory approaches, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.367, issue.1, pp.53-60, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.08.019

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00331888

M. Metian, P. Bustamante, L. Hédouin, F. Oberhänsli, and M. Warnau, Delineation of heavy metal uptake pathways (seawater and food) in the variegated scallop Chlamys varia, using radiotracer techniques, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.375, pp.161-171, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps07766

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00383930

M. Metian, E. Giron, V. Borne, L. Hédouin, J. Teyssié et al., The brown alga Lobophora variegata, a bioindicator species for surveying metal contamination in tropical marine environments, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.362, issue.1, pp.49-54, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.05.013

B. Patel, M. C. Balani, and S. Patel, Sponge ???sentinel??? of heavy metals, Science of The Total Environment, vol.41, issue.2, pp.143-152, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-9697(85)90184-6

B. Patel, S. Patel, and D. M. Taylor, The chemical form of cobalt-60 in the marine sponge Spirastrella cuspidifera, Marine Biology, vol.23, issue.1, pp.45-48, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00393126

T. Pérez, D. Longet, T. Schembri, P. Rebouillon, and J. Vacelet, Effects of 12 years??? operation of a sewage treatment plant on trace metal occurrence within a Mediterranean commercial sponge (Spongia officinalis, Demospongiae), Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.50, issue.3, pp.301-309, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.001

T. Pérez, D. Longet, T. Schembri, P. Rebouillon, and J. Vacelet, Effects of 12 years??? operation of a sewage treatment plant on trace metal occurrence within a Mediterranean commercial sponge (Spongia officinalis, Demospongiae), Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.50, issue.3, pp.301-309, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.001

M. Pfannkuchen, G. B. Fritz, S. Schlesinger, K. Bayer, and F. Brümmer, In situ pumping activity of the sponge Aplysina aerophoba, Nardo 1886, situ pumping activity of the sponge Aplysina aerophoba, pp.65-71, 1886.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.027

D. J. Phillips and P. S. Rainbow, Biomonitoring of Trace Aquatic Contaminants, 1993.

A. J. Pile, M. R. Patterson, and J. D. Witman, In situ grazing on plankton 10 ??m by the boreal sponge Mycale lingua, situ grazing on plankton < 10 µm by the boreal sponge Mycale lingua, pp.95-102, 1996.
DOI : 10.3354/meps141095

R. Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.

P. S. Rainbow, Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability in the marine environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.31, issue.4-12, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(95)00116-5

P. S. Rainbow, Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability in the marine environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.31, issue.4-12, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(95)00116-5

H. M. Reiswig, Partial Carbon and Energy Budgets of the Bacteriosponge Verohgia fistularis (Porifera: Demospongiae) in Barbados, Marine Ecology, vol.130, issue.1, pp.273-293, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00387115

M. Ribes, R. Coma, and J. M. Gili, Heterogeneous feeding in benthic suspension feeders:the natural diet and grazing rate of the temperate gorgonian Paramuricea clavata (Cnidaria:Octocorallia) over a year cycle, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.183, pp.125-137, 1999.
DOI : 10.3354/meps183125

M. Ribes, R. Coma, and J. M. Gili, Natural diet and grazing rate of the temperate sponge Dysidea avara (Desmospongiae, Dendroceratida) throughout an annual cycle, Mar. Ecol, 1999.

J. A. Scott and S. J. Palmer, Sites of cadmium uptake in bacteria used for biosorption, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.33, pp.221-225, 1990.

M. W. Taylor, R. Radax, D. Steger, and M. Wagner, Sponge-Associated Microorganisms: Evolution, Ecology, and Biotechnological Potential, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.71, issue.2, p.295, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.00040-06

M. Troussellier, M. Bouvy, C. Courties, and C. Dupuy, Variation of carbon content among bacterial species under starvation condition, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.13, pp.113-119, 1997.
DOI : 10.3354/ame013113

G. C. Trussell, M. P. Lesser, M. R. Patterson, and S. J. Genovese, Depth-specific differences in growth of the reef sponge Callyspongia vaginalis: role of bottom-up effects, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.323, 2006.
DOI : 10.3354/meps323149

X. Turon, J. Galera, and M. J. Uriz, Clearance rates and aquiferous systems in two sponges with contrasting life-history strategies, The Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol.79, issue.1, pp.22-36, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19970501)278:1<22::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-8

U. Riisgård, H. Larsen, and P. S. , Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.418, pp.255-293, 2010.
DOI : 10.3354/meps08755

M. Valls and V. D. Lorenzo, Exploiting the genetic and biochemical capacities of bacteria for the remediation of heavy metal pollution, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.26, issue.4, pp.327-338, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00618.x

B. Verdenal, C. Diana, A. Amoux, and J. Vacelet, Pollutant levels in Mediterranean commercial sponges New perspective in sponge biology, pp.516-524, 1990.

P. Visca, G. Colotti, L. Serino, D. Verzili, N. Orsi et al., Metal regulation of siderophore synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and functional effects of siderophoremetal complexes, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.58, pp.2886-2893, 1992.

W. Wang, N. S. Fisher, and S. N. Luoma, Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.140, pp.91-113, 1996.
DOI : 10.3354/meps140091

W. X. Wang, C. Ke, K. N. Yu, and P. K. Lam, Modeling radiocesium bioaccumulation in a marine food chain, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.208, pp.41-50, 2000.
DOI : 10.3354/meps208041

N. S. Webster and M. W. Taylor, Marine sponges and their microbial symbionts: love and other relationships, Environmental Microbiology, vol.87, issue.2, pp.335-346, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02460.x

N. S. Webster, R. I. Webb, M. J. Ridd, R. T. Hill, and A. P. Negri, The effects of copper on the microbial community of a coral reef sponge, Environmental Microbiology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.19-31, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.67.1.434-444.2001

J. B. Weisz, N. Lindquist, and C. Martens, Do associated microbial abundances impact marine demosponge pumping rates and tissue densities?, Oecologia, vol.3, issue.2, pp.367-376, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-007-0910-0

G. Yahel, J. Sharp, D. Marie, C. Hase, and A. Genin, : Bulk DOC is the major source for carbon, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.48, issue.1, pp.141-149, 2003.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2003.48.1.0141

G. Yahel, F. Whitney, H. M. Reiswig, D. J. Eerkes-medrano, and D. I. Leys, In situ feeding and metabolism of glass sponges (Hexactinellida, Porifera) studied in a deep temperate fjord with a remotely operated submersible, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.52, issue.1, pp.428-440, 2007.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0428

J. Zhang, X. Cao, Y. Xin, S. Xue, and W. Zhang, Purification and characterization of a dehalogenase from Pseudomonas stutzeri DEH130 isolated from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1791-1799, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s11274-013-1340-2

Q. Zhou, J. Zhang, J. Fu, J. Shi, and G. Jiang, Biomonitoring: An appealing tool for assessment of metal pollution in the aquatic ecosystem, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.606, issue.2, pp.135-150, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.018

C. E. Zobell, Studies on marine bacteria. I. The cultural requirements of heterotrophic aerobes, J Mar Res, vol.4, 1941.

/. Ac, in"sponge 0" 20" 40" 60" 80" 100