F. C. Tan and S. M. Swain, Genetics of flower initiation and development in annual and perennial plants, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.128, pp.8-17, 2006.

T. Visser, The relation between growth, juvenile period and fruiting of apple seedlings and its use to improve breeding efficiency, Euphytica, vol.19, pp.293-302, 1970.

T. Sachs, Node counting': an internal control of balanced vegetative and reproductive development, Plan, Cell and Environment, vol.22, pp.757-766, 1999.

C. K. Kitsaki, E. Andreadis, and D. L. Bouranis, Developmental events in differentiating floral buds of four olive (olea europaea, L.) cultivars during late winter to early spring, Flora, vol.205, pp.599-607, 2010.

S. Monselise and E. E. Goldschmidt, Alternate bearing in fruit trees, Hortic Rev, vol.4, pp.128-173, 1982.

F. Bangerth, Floral induction in mature, perennial angiosperm fruit trees: similarities and discrepancies with annual/biennial plants and the involvement of plant hormones, Scientia Horticulturae, vol.122, pp.153-163, 2009.

F. Bangerth, Flower induction in perennial fruit trees: Still an enigma?, Acta Hortic, vol.727, pp.177-195, 2006.

B. Guitton, J. J. Kelner, R. Velasco, S. E. Gardiner, and D. Chagné, Genetic control of biennial bearing in apple, J Exp Bot, vol.63, pp.131-149, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01267776

J. R. Obeso, The cost of reproduction in plants, New Phytol, vol.155, pp.321-348, 2002.

T. Hoblyn, N. Grubb, A. Painter, and B. Wates, Studies in biennial bearing I, Journal of Pomology Horticultural Science, vol.14, pp.39-76, 1936.

J. Wilcox, Some factors affecting apple yields in the OkanaganValley: tree size, tree vigor, biennial bearing, and distance of planting, Scientia Agricola, vol.25, p.189, 1944.

M. W. Smith, R. G. Shaw, J. C. Chapman, J. Owen-turner, S. Lee et al., Long-term performance of 'Ellendale' mandarin on seven commercial rootstocks in sub-tropical Australia, Scientia Horticulturae, vol.102, pp.75-89, 2004.

T. S. Rosenstock, U. A. Rosa, R. E. Plant, and P. H. Brown, A reevaluation of alternate bearing in pistachio, Scientia Horticulturae, vol.124, pp.149-152, 2010.

S. Lavee, Biennial bearing in olive (olea europaea), Annales Ser hist nat, vol.17, pp.101-112, 2007.

F. Escobar, R. Benlloch, M. Navarro, D. Martin, and G. C. , The time of floral induction in the olive, J Amer Soc Hort Sci, vol.117, pp.304-307, 1992.

R. De-la-rosa, L. Rallo, and H. F. Rapoport, Olive floral bud growth and starch content during winter rest and spring budbreak, HortScience, vol.35, pp.1223-1227, 2000.

D. J. Connor and E. Fereres, The physiology of adaptation and yield expression in olive, Hortic Rev, vol.31, pp.155-229, 2005.

F. J. Castillo-llanque, H. F. Rapoport, and C. Navarro, Interaction between shoot growth and reproductive behaviour in olive, Acta Hortic, vol.791, pp.453-458, 2008.

P. E. Lauri, N. Moutier, and G. Garcia, Architectural construction of the olive tree: implications for orchard management, Olivea, vol.86, pp.38-41, 2001.

P. Inglese, Fruit growth, oil accumulation and ripening of the olive cultivar carolea in relation to fruit density, Acta Hortic, vol.474, pp.265-269, 1999.

L. Rallo and M. P. Suarez, Seasonal distribution of dry matter within the olive fruit bearing limb, Adv Hortic Sci, vol.3, pp.55-59, 1989.

F. J. Castillo-llanque and H. F. Rapoport, Relationship between reproductive behavior and new shoot development in 5-year-old branches of olive trees, vol.25, pp.823-832, 2011.

J. Cuevas, K. Pinney, and V. S. Polito, Flower differentiation, pistil development and pistil abortion in olive (Olea europaea L. 'Manzanillo'), Acta Hortic, vol.474, pp.293-296, 1999.

H. T. Hartmann and C. Panetssos, Effect of soil moisture deficiency during floral development on fruitfulness in olives, Proc Am Soc Hort Sci, vol.78, pp.209-217, 1962.

W. H. Griggs, H. T. Hartmann, M. V. Bradley, B. T. Iwakiri, and J. E. Whisler, Olive pollination in California, Calif Agr Expt Sta Bul, vol.869, pp.1-50, 1975.

S. Lavee and N. Avidan, Possible involvement of chlorogenic acid in controlling alternate fruiting of the olive, Proc 13 th Int Bot Conf Sydney, p.26, 1981.

S. Lavee, L. Rallo, H. F. Rapoport, and A. Troncoso, The floral biology of the olive I. Effect of flower number, type and distribution on fruit set, Scientia Hortic, vol.66, pp.149-158, 1996.

E. Bellini, E. Giordani, and A. Rosati, Genetic improvement of olive from clonal selection to cross-breeding programs, Adv Hort Sci, vol.22, pp.73-86, 2008.

B. Sadok, I. Moutier, N. Dosba, F. Rebai, A. Grati-kamoun et al., Genetic determinism of the vegetative and reproductive traits in a F1 olive tree Progeny: evidence of tree ontogeny effect, Tree Genetics and Genome, vol.9, pp.205-221, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01208603

N. Moutier, G. Garcia, and P. E. Lauri, Shoot architecture of the olive tree: effect of cultivar on the number and distribution of vegetative and reproductive organs on branches, Acta. Hort, vol.636, pp.689-694, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02760488

L. Rallo, D. Barranco, J. M. Caballero, D. Río, C. Martín et al., Variedades de Olivo en Españ a, pp.84-85, 2004.

H. Levene, Robust tests for equality of variances, pp.278-292, 1960.

J. C. Pinheiro and D. M. Bates, Mixed-effects models in S and S-Plus, pp.206-270, 2000.

, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2009.

S. J. Knapp, W. W. Stroup, and W. M. Roos, Exact confidence intervals for heritability on a progeny mean basis, Crop Sci, vol.25, pp.192-194, 1985.

A. Gallais, Théorie de la sélection en amélioration des plantes, 1989.

B. Khadari, A. El-aabidine, C. Grout, B. Sadok, I. Doligez et al., A Genetic Linkage Map of Olive Based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, Intersimple Sequence Repeat and Simple Sequence Repeat Markers, J Amer Soc Hort Sci, vol.135, pp.548-555, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02665230

J. W. Van-ooijen, Software for the calculation of genetic linkage maps in experimental populations, Kyasma BV, vol.4, 2006.

P. Stam, Construction of integrated genetic linkage maps by means of a new computer package, JoinMap. The Plant Journal, vol.3, pp.739-744, 1993.

, Kosambi DD (1944) The estimation of map distance from recombination values, Annals of Eugenics, vol.12, pp.172-175

R. E. Voorrips, MapChart: software for the graphical presentation of linkage maps and QTLs, J Hered, vol.93, pp.77-85, 2002.

A. Chakravarti, L. K. Lasher, and J. E. Reefer, A maximum likelihood method for estimating genome length using genetic linkage data, Genetics, vol.128, pp.175-182, 1991.

J. W. Van-ooijen, MapQTL 6, Software for the mapping of quantitative trait loci in experimental populations of diploid species, Kyasma BV, 2009.

K. Kenis and J. Keulemans, Study of tree architecture of apple (Malus 6 domestica Borkh.) by QTL analysis of growth traits, Molecular Breeding, vol.19, pp.193-208, 2007.

R. C. Jansen and P. Stam, High Resolution of Quantitative Traits into Multiple Loci via Interval Mapping, Genetics, vol.136, pp.1447-1455, 1994.

G. A. Churchill and R. W. Doerge, Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping, Genetics, vol.138, pp.963-971, 1994.

F. Calenge and C. E. Durel, Both stable and unstable QTLs for resistance to powdery mildew are detected in apple after four years of field assessments, Mol breeding, vol.17, pp.329-339, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02664978

V. Segura, C. E. Durel, and E. Costes, Dissecting apple tree architecture into genetic, ontogenetic and environmental effects: QTL mapping, Tree Genetics and Genomes, vol.5, pp.165-179, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02665204

S. C. Pearce, D. Urbane, and S. , The measurement of irregularity in growth and cropping, Journal of Horticultural Science, vol.42, pp.295-305, 1967.

A. Huff, A significance test for biennial bearing using data resampling, Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, vol.76, pp.534-535, 2001.

P. E. Lauri, E. Térouanne, J. M. Lespinasse, J. L. Regnard, and J. J. Kelner, Genotypic differences in the axillary bud growth and fruiting pattern of apple fruiting branches over several years -an approach to regulation of fruit bearing, Scientia Horticulturae, vol.64, pp.265-281, 1995.

P. E. Lauri, E. Térouanne, and J. M. Lespinasse, Relationship between the early development of apple fruiting branches and the regularity of bearing -An approach to the strategies of various cultivars, Journal of Horticultural Science, vol.72, pp.519-530, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02683983

S. Lavee, Olea europaea, CRC Handbook of Flowering, vol.26, pp.423-434, 1985.

W. P. Hackett and H. T. Hartmann, Inflorescence formation in olive as influenced by low temperature, photoperiod and leaf area, Bot Gaz, vol.125, pp.65-72, 1964.

C. P. Osborne, I. Chuine, D. Viner, and F. I. Woodward, Olive phenology as a sensitive indicator of future climatic warming in the Mediterranean, Plant Cell Environ, vol.23, pp.701-710, 2000.

W. P. Hackett and H. T. Hartmann, The influence of temperature on floral initiation, Physiol Plant, vol.20, pp.430-436, 1967.

H. T. Hartmann and J. E. Whisler, Flower production in olive as influenced by various chilling temperature regimes, J Amer Soc Hort Sci, vol.100, pp.670-674, 1975.

N. Malik and J. M. Bradford, Inhibition of flowering in 'Arbequina' olives from chilling at lower temperatures, Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, vol.7, pp.429-431, 2009.

S. Bartolini and R. Guerriero, Self-compatibility in several clones of oil olive cv, Leccino. Adv Hort Sci, vol.9, pp.71-74, 1995.

F. A. Ateyyeh, R. Stösser, and M. Qrunfleh, Reproductive biology of the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar 'Nabali Baladi, J App Bot, vol.74, pp.255-270, 2000.

V. Segura, C. Cilas, and E. Costes, Dissecting apple tree architecture into genetic, ontogenetic and environmental effects: mixed linear modeling of repeated spatial and temporal measures, New Phytologist, vol.178, pp.302-314, 2008.

E. Rugini and G. Pannelli, Preliminary results on increasing fruit set in olive (Olea europaea L.) by chemical and mechanical treatments, Acta Hort, vol.329, pp.209-210, 1993.

E. Costes and Y. Guédon, Modelling branching patterns in 1-year-old trunks of six apple cultivars, Ann Bot, vol.89, pp.513-524, 2002.

P. E. Lauri and J. J. Kelner, Shoot type demography and dry matter partitioning. A morphometric approach in apple (Malus X domestica Borkh.), Canadian Journal of Botany, vol.79, pp.1270-1273, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02682574

A. N. Seleznyova, T. G. Thorp, A. M. Barnett, and E. Costes, Quantitative analysis of shoot development and branching patterns in Actinidia, Annals of Botany, vol.89, pp.471-482, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02669324

M. T. Stevenson, Shoot Length Distribution and Its Relation to Yield of Alternate-bearing Pistachio Trees, J Am Soc Hortic, vol.125, pp.165-168, 2000.

A. Suzuki, Influence of shoot architectural position on shoot growth and branching patterns in Cleyera japonica, Tree Physiol, vol.22, pp.885-890, 2002.

T. Yagi, Within-tree variations in shoot differentiation patterns of 10 tall tree species in a Japanese cool-temperate forest, Revue canadienne de botanique, vol.82, pp.228-243, 2004.

R. Oldeman, Tropical rain forest, architecture, silvigenesis and diversity, Tropical rain forest: ecology and management, pp.139-150, 1983.

D. Barthélémy, C. Edelin, and F. Hallé, Canopy architecture, Raghavendra AS ed. Physiology of trees, pp.1-20, 1991.

D. Barthélémy and Y. Caraglio, Plant Architecture: A Dynamic, Multilevel and comprehensive Approach to Plant Form, Structure and Ontogeny, Ann Bot, vol.99, pp.375-407, 2007.

A. A. Zhuchenko, A. B. Korol, I. Y. Vizir, N. I. Bocharnikova, and N. I. Zamorzaeva, Sex differences in crossover frequency for tomato and thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), Sov Genet, vol.24, pp.1104-1110, 1989.

M. W. Ganal and S. D. Tanksley, Recombination around the Tm2a and Mi resistance genes in different crosses of Lycopersicon peruviamim, Theor Appl Genet, vol.92, pp.101-108, 1996.

C. Maliepaard, F. H. Alston, G. Van-arkel, L. M. Brown, and E. Chevreau, Aligning male and female linkage maps of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) using multi-allelic markers, Theor Appl Genet, vol.97, pp.60-73, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02688532

S. B. Wu, G. Collins, and M. Sedgley, A molecular linkage map of olive (Olea europaea L) based on RAPD microsatellite and SCAR markers, Genome, vol.47, pp.26-35, 2004.

R. De-la-rosa, A. Angiolillo, C. Guerrero, M. Pellegrini, and L. Rallo, A first linkage map of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars using RAPD AFLP and SSR markers, Theor Appl Genet, vol.106, pp.1273-1282, 2003.

Z. El-aabidine, A. Charafi, J. Grout, C. Doligez, A. Santoni et al., Construction of a Genetic Linkage Map for the Olive Based on AFLP and SSR Markers, Crop Sci, vol.50, pp.2291-2302, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02666979

H. P. Piepho, J. Möhring, A. E. Melchinger, and A. Büchse, BLUP for phenotypic selection in plant breeding and variety testing, Euphytica, vol.161, pp.209-228, 2008.

H. P. Piepho, J. Möhring, S. Streeck, T. Ogutu, and J. O. , A stage-wise approach for the analysis of multi-environment trials, Biometrical Journal, vol.54, pp.844-860, 2012.

V. Souza, D. H. Byrne, and J. F. Taylor, Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations, and predicted selection response of quantitative traits in peach: II. An analysis of several fruit traits, J Am Soc Hortic Sci, vol.123, pp.604-611, 1998.

J. Tous, A. Romero, J. Plana, L. Rallo, D. Barranco et al., Vigor-Chapter 2: Variedades de olivo en España (Libro II: Variabilidad y selección), 2005.