R. Abelson, Definition, The encyclopedia of philosophy, 1967.

S. Bartlett and . James, A relativistic theory of phenomenological constitution: A selfreferential , transcendental approach to conceptual pathology. 2 vols I: French; Vol. II: English), Microfilms International #7905583. Also available online from, 1971.

S. Bartlett and . James, Metalogic of reference: A study in the foundations of possibility. Research monograph, 1975.

S. Bartlett and . James, Metalogical problems in regional analysis and management of environmental systems. Research report. Rand-National Science Foundation Project in Regional Analysis and Management of Environmental Systems, 1975.

S. Bartlett and . James, The idea of a metalogic of reference An updated version is available online from: http://www.willamette, Methodology and Science, vol.93, pp.85-92, 1976.

S. Bartlett and . James, Self-reference, phenomenology, and philosophy of science An updated version is available online from: http://www.willamette, Methodology and Science, vol.133, pp.143-167, 1980.

S. Bartlett and . James, Referential consistency as a a criterion of meaning, Synthese, vol.52, issue.2, pp.267-282, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00869196

S. Bartlett and . James, Conceptual therapy: An introduction to framework-relative epistemology. Saint Louis, MO: Studies in Theory and Behavior. Also available online from, 1983.

S. Bartlett and . James, Varieties of Self-Reference, pp.5-28, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-3551-8_1

S. Bartlett and . James, Hoisted by their own petards: Philosophical positions that self-destruct. Argumentation, 1:2, 69-80. An updated version is available online from, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/bf00178023

S. Bartlett and . James, The loss of permanent realities: Demoralization of university faculty in the liberal arts An updated version is available online from, Methodology and Science, vol.27, issue.1, pp.25-39, 1994.

S. Bartlett and . James, The psychology of faculty demoralization in the liberal arts: Burnout, acedia, and the disintegration of idealism An updated version is available online from, New Ideas in Psychology, vol.123, pp.277-289, 1994.

S. Bartlett and . James, Roots of human resistance to animal rights: Psychological and conceptual blocks Also available online from: http://www.animallaw.info/articles/arussbartlett2002.htm; in German translation from: http://www.simorgh.de/animallaw/bartlett_33-67.pdf; in Portuguese translation from The pathology of man: A study of human evil, Animal Law, vol.8, pp.143-76, 2002.

S. Bartlett and . James, From the artist's perspective: The psychopathology of the normal world. The Humanistic Psychologist, pp.235-256, 2009.

S. Bartlett and . James, Normality does not equal mental health: The need to look elsewhere for standards of good psychological health, 2011.

S. Bartlett and . James, The dilemma of abnormality, Abnormal Psychology through the Ages, pp.1-20, 2013.

S. Bartlett and . James, When normal is harmful, and abnormal is healthy. In the electronic research database, Health and Wellness, 2013.

S. Bartlett and . James, Reflexivity: A source book in self-reference, 1992.

J. Beatty, Speaking of species: Darwin's strategy The Darwinian heritage, pp.265-281, 1985.

E. M. Cioran, On the heights of despair, Trans. Ilinca Zarifopol-Johnston, 1934.

E. M. Cioran, The trouble with being born. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Arcade. First pub. in French: De l'inconvenient d'être né, 1973.

F. Cornford, The Republic of Plato, Ed. & Trans.), 1945.

C. Darwin, On the origin of species: A facsimile of the first edition, 1859.

C. Darwin, The descent of man. London: John Murray Available online from, 1871.

F. Darwin, The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter, 1877.

W. L. Davidson, The logic of definition, 1885.

T. Dobzhansky, A critique of the species concept in biology, Philosophy of Science, vol.2, issue.3, pp.344-355, 1935.

M. Eysenck, Principles of cognitive psychology Escape from freedom, 1941.

E. Fromm, Man for himself, 1947.

E. Fromm, The sane society, 1955.

W. M. Getz, . Kaitala, and . Veijo, Ecogenetic models, competition, and heteropatry, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.36, issue.1, pp.34-58, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-5809(89)90022-1

J. Golomb, Nietzsche and Jewish Culture, 2002.

N. Goodman, Seven strictures on similarity, Problems and Projects, pp.437-447, 1972.

B. R. Grant and P. R. Grant, Hybridization and speciation in Darwin's finches: The role of sexual imprinting on a culturally transmitted trait, 1998.

&. S. Howard and . Berlocher, Endless forms: Species and speciation (pp. 404- 422)

P. R. Grant and B. R. Grant, How and why species multiply. The radiation of Darwin's finches, 2008.

V. Grant, Evolution of the species concept, Biologisches Zentralblatt, vol.113, pp.401-415, 1994.

A. Griffiths and . Phillips, Justifying moral principles, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, pp.103-124, 1958.

H. Gulliksen, Paired comparisons and the logic of measurement., Psychological Review, vol.53, issue.4, pp.199-213, 1946.
DOI : 10.1037/h0061673

R. J. Herrnstein and C. Murray, The Bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life, 1994.

J. Hey, The mind of the species problem, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.16, issue.7, pp.326-329, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02145-0

J. Hey, On the failure of modern species concepts. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.447-450, 2006.

A. T. Holster, The criterion for time symmetry of probabilistic theories and the reversibility of quantum mechanics, New Journal of Physics, vol.5, pp.1-28, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/5/1/130

C. G. Jung, I PSYCHOLOGY AND RELIGION, 1958.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400850983.3

C. G. Jung, The collected works of C. G. Jung. 20 vols, Trans. R. F. C. Hull. Princeton, N.J, 1967.

L. Kuncheva, Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.18, issue.3, 2014.
DOI : 10.1109/TNN.2007.897478

K. Lorenz, Durch Domestikation verursachte Störungen arteigenen Verhaltens. [Disorders caused by the domestication of species-specific behavior, Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie und Charackterkunde, pp.2-81, 1940.

A. H. Maslow, The superior person, Society, vol.1, issue.4, pp.10-13, 1964.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03182272

A. H. Maslow, The farther reaches of human nature, 1971.

R. L. Mayden, A hierarchy of species concepts: The denouement in the saga of the species problem Species: The units of biodiversity, pp.381-424, 1997.

E. Mayr, Systematics and the origin of species, 1942.

E. Mayr, The growth of biological thought, 1982.

E. Mayr, The biological species concept, Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate, pp.16-29, 2000.

D. L. Medin, R. L. Goldstone, and D. Gentner, Respects for similarity., Psychological Review, vol.100, issue.2, pp.254-278, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.254

H. Mencken, Notes on Democracy. London: Butler & Tanner. First pub, 1926.

C. Murray, Human accomplishment: The pursuit of excellence in the arts and sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, 2003.

F. Nietzsche, The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche, 1911.

F. Nietzsche, Thus spoke Zarathustra. Trans: Modern Library, 1885.

R. Nozick, 23. Anarchy, State and Utopia, 1974.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400848393-024

J. Proust, Cognitive enhancement, human evolution and bioethics, Journal international de bioéthique, vol.23, pp.3-4, 2011.
DOI : 10.3917/jib.222.0153
URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=JIB_222_0153

H. Putnam, Reason, truth and history, 1981.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511625398

L. M. Ratcliffe and P. R. Grant, Species recognition in Darwin's finches (Geospiza, Gould) I. Discrimination by morphological cues, Animal Behaviour, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1139-1153, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80021-9

L. M. Ratcliffe and P. R. Grant, Species recognition in Darwin's finches (Geospiza, Gould). II. Geographic variation in mate preference, Animal Behaviour, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1154-1165, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80022-0

L. M. Ratcliffe and P. R. Grant, Species recognition in Darwin's finches (Geospiza, Gould). III. Male responses to playback of different song types, dialects and heterospecific songs, Animal Behaviour, vol.33, issue.1, pp.290-307, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80143-3

R. Robinson, Definition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. First pub, 1954.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01437393

L. Rokach and N. J. Hackensack, Pattern classification using ensemble methods, 2010.
DOI : 10.1142/7238

B. Russell, Our knowledge of the external world. London: Allen & Unwin. First pub, 1922.

A. Schopenhauer, On the basis of morality, Trans. E. F. J. Payne, 1841.

E. Shostrom, Personal orientation inventory (POI), 1963.
DOI : 10.1037/t05455-000

J. Smith and . Maynard, Sympatric Speciation, The American Naturalist, vol.100, issue.916, pp.916-637, 1966.
DOI : 10.1086/282457

E. Sober, Darwin on natural selection: A philosophical perspective The Darwinian heritage, pp.867-899, 1985.

D. S. Stamos and K. Koutroumbas, Darwin and the nature of species Pattern recognition, 2006.

M. Turelli, N. H. Barton, and J. A. Coyne, Theory and speciation, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.16, issue.7, pp.330-343, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02177-2

S. Watanabe, Pattern Recognition, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_596
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00112657

S. Watanabe, Une explication mathématique du classement d'objets, Information and Prediction in Science: Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by the Académie lnternationale de Philosophie des Sciences, pp.39-76, 1962.

S. Watanabe, Knowing and guessing: A quantitative study of inference and information, 1969.

S. Watanabe, Epistemological Relativity, Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-14, 1986.
DOI : 10.4288/jafpos1956.7.1

J. Wilkins, Species: The history of the idea, 2009.

A. Selected and D. Corcoran, Pattern recognition, 1971.

K. De-queiroz, Different species problems and their resolution, BioEssays, vol.18, issue.12, pp.12-1263, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/bies.20325

T. Dobzhansky, Genetics and the Origin of Species, Copeia, vol.1952, issue.4, 1937.
DOI : 10.2307/1439305

J. Dupré, Natural Kinds and Biological Taxa, The Philosophical Review, vol.90, issue.1, pp.66-90, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/2184373

J. Dupré, In defence of classification, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, vol.32, issue.2, pp.203-219, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-8486(01)00003-6

J. A. Endler, Conceptual and other problems in speciation, Speciation and its consequences, pp.625-648, 1989.

J. R. Gregg, Taxonomy, Language and Reality, The American Naturalist, vol.84, issue.819, pp.819-419, 1950.
DOI : 10.1086/281639

J. Hey, Genes, categories, and species, 2001.

D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher, Endless forms: Species and speciation, 1998.

H. Margolis, Patterns, thinking, and cognition: A theory of judgment, 1987.

E. Mayr, Species concepts and definitions The species problem (pp. 1-22), 1957.

E. Mayr, Animal species and evolution, 1963.
DOI : 10.4159/harvard.9780674865327

E. Mayr, What is a species and what is not? Philosophy of Science, pp.262-277, 1996.

G. L. Murphy, . Medin, and L. Douglas, The role of theories in conceptual coherence., Psychological Review, vol.92, issue.3, pp.289-316, 1985.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.92.3.289

M. Pigliucci, Species as family resemblance concepts: The (dis-)solution of the species problem?, BioEssays, vol.15, issue.6, pp.596-602, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/bies.10284

C. Richet, . N. Trans, &. L. Forsythe, and . Harvey, Idiot man or the follies of mankind ( " L'Homme stupide " ) New York: Brentano's. Eng. ed. pub. without a date, 1919.

M. Ridley, The cladistic solution to the species problem, Biology and Philosophy, vol.27, issue.1, pp.1-16, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00144036

C. N. Slobodchikoff, Concepts of species, 1954.

D. N. Stamos, The species problem: Biological species, ontology, and the metaphysics of biology, 2003.

A. Tversky, Features of similarity., Psychological Review, vol.84, issue.4, pp.327-352, 1977.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.84.4.327

S. Watanabe, Methodologies of pattern recognition, 1969.

S. Watanabe, Frontiers of pattern recognition, 1972.