D. T. Andersen, W. H. Pollard, and C. P. Mckay, The perennial springs of Axel Heiberg Island as an analogue for groundwater discharge on Mars, Ninth international conference on permafrost, pp.43-48, 2008.

B. J. Baker and G. J. Dick, Omic Approaches in Microbial Ecology: Charting the Unknown, Microbe Magazine, vol.8, issue.9, pp.353-360, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/microbe.8.353.1

E. S. Bastin, F. E. Greer, C. A. Merritt, and G. Moulton, THE PRESENCE OF SULPHATE REDUCING BACTERIA IN OIL FIELD WATERS, Science, vol.63, issue.1618, pp.21-24, 1926.
DOI : 10.1126/science.63.1618.21

G. Borgonie, A. García-moyano, D. Litthauer, W. Bert, A. Bester et al., Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa, Nature, vol.25, issue.7349, pp.79-8210, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09974

S. J. Cathrine and C. Raghukumar, Anaerobic denitrification in fungi from the coastal marine sediments off Goa, India, Mycological Research, vol.113, issue.1, pp.100-109, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.08.009

F. H. Chapelle, K. O-'neill, P. M. Bradley, B. A. Methe, S. A. Ciufo et al., A hydrogen-based subsurface microbial community dominated by methanogens, Nature, vol.415, issue.6869, pp.312-31510, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/415312a

D. Chivian, E. L. Brodie, E. J. Alm, D. E. Culley, P. S. Dehal et al., Environmental Genomics Reveals a Single-Species Ecosystem Deep Within Earth, Environmental genomics reveals a single species ecosystem deep within the Earth, pp.275-278, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1155495

M. Collier, An Introduction to the Geology of Death Valley, Death Valley, California, Death Valley Natural History Association, pp.90-081612, 1990.

F. S. Colwell, D. Hondt, S. Hazen, R. H. Jones, A. P. Baross et al., Nature and Extene of the Deep Biosphere , in: Carbon in Earth, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, pp.547-566, 2013.

F. S. Colwell, G. J. Stormberg, T. J. Phelps, S. A. Birnbaum, J. P. Mckinley et al., Innovative techniques for collection of saturated and unsaturated subsurface basalts and sediments for microbiological characterization, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.15, issue.4, pp.279-29210, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7012(92)90047-8

T. Dahm, P. Hrubcová, T. Fischer, J. Horálek, M. Korn et al., Eger Rift ICDP: an observatory for study of non-volcanic, mid-crustal earthquake swarms and accompanying phenomena, Scientific Drilling, vol.16, pp.93-9910, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/sd-16-93-2013

V. P. Edgecomb, D. Beaudoin, R. Gast, J. F. Biddle, and A. Teske, Marine subsurface eukaryotes: the fungal majority, Environmental Microbiology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.172-183, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02318.x

S. Ekendahl, A. H. Neill, E. Thomson, and K. Pedersen, Characterisation of yeasts isolated from deep igneous rock www.sci-dril.net, Sci. Dril, vol.43, issue.19, pp.43-53, 2015.

T. L. Kieft, Workshop to develop deep-life continental scientific drilling projects aquifers of the Fennoscandian shield, Microb. Ecol, vol.46, pp.416-428, 2003.

T. Engelhardt, J. Kallmeyer, H. Cypionka, and B. Engelen, High virus-to-cell ratios indicate ongoing production of viruses in deep subsurface sediments, The ISME Journal, vol.49, issue.7, pp.1503-1509, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/ismej.2013.245

H. S. Eydal, S. Jagevall, M. Hermansson, and K. Pedersen, Bacteriophage lytic to Desulfovibrio aespoeensis isolated from deep groundwater, The ISME Journal, vol.59, issue.10, pp.1139-1147, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578

E. Gaidos, V. Marteinsson, T. Thorsteinsson, T. Jóhannesson, A. R. Rúnarsson et al., An oligarchic microbial assemblage in the anoxic bottom waters of a volcanic subglacial lake, The ISME Journal, vol.51, issue.4, pp.486-497, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00062-07

T. L. Ginsburg-karagitscheva, Microbiological research in the sulphurous and salty waters of Apsheron, pp.6-7, 1926.

T. N. Gubernatorova and B. M. Dolgonosov, Modeling the biodegradation of multicomponent organic matter in an aquatic environment: 3. Analysis of lignin degradation mechanisms, Water Resources, vol.37, issue.3, pp.332-34610, 2010.
DOI : 10.1134/S0097807810030085

I. M. Head, D. M. Jones, and S. R. Larter, Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil, Nature, vol.426, issue.6964, pp.344-35210, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02134

C. Heim, J. Reitner, V. Thiel, and D. , Terrestrial Deep Biosphere, pp.871-876, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_65

B. Horsfield, T. L. Kieft, H. Amann, S. G. Franks, J. Kallmeyer et al., The GeoBiosphere, pp.163-211, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-68778-8_4

B. Horsfield, C. Knebel, J. Ludden, and R. Hyndman, Unraveling the complexities of planet earth: science plan for International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, 2014. International Continental Scientific Drilling Program: http://www. icdp-online, International Ocean Discovery Program, pp.14-14, 2014.

J. Kallmeyer, T. L. Kieft, B. Horsfield, C. Knebel, J. Ludden et al., The ubiqiutous hidden biosphere, in: unraveling the complexities of planet earth: science plan for, International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, pp.56-65, 2014.

P. Kelemen, A. Rajhi, A. Godard, M. Ildefonse, B. Köpke et al., Scientific Drilling and Related Research in the Samail Ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman, Scientific Drilling, vol.15, pp.64-71, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/sd-15-64-2013

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00858243

T. L. Kieft, Sampling the Deep Sub-Surface Using Drilling and Coring Techniques, pp.3427-3441, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_267

T. L. Kieft and C. J. Hurst, Microbiology of the deep continental biosphere. Ch. 6, in: Advances in environmental microbiology Their world: a diversity of environments, 2015.

T. L. Kieft, C. J. Mcgenity, K. M. Timmis, and B. Nogales, Sampling the Subsurface, 2015.
DOI : 10.1029/2007WR006633

T. L. Kieft, T. J. Phelps, J. K. Fredrickson, and C. J. Hurst, Drilling, Coring, and Sampling Subsurface Environments, pp.799-817, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/9781555815882.ch66

L. R. Krumholz, J. P. Mckinley, G. A. Ulrich, and J. M. Suflita, Confined subsurface microbial communities in Cretaceous rock, Nature, vol.386, issue.6620, pp.64-66, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/386064a0

J. E. Kyle, H. S. Eydal, F. G. Ferris, and K. Pedersen, Viruses in granitic groundwater from 69 to 450 m depth of the Äspö hard rock laboratory, Sweden, ISME J, vol.218, pp.571-574, 2008.

M. C. Lau, C. Cameron, C. Magnabosco, C. T. Brown, F. Schilkey et al., Phylogeny and phylogeography of functional genes shared among seven terrestrial subsurface metagenomes reveal N-cycling and microbial evolutionary relationships, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.71, issue.295, p.531, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.71.6.3213

H. J. Lavalleur and F. S. Colwell, Microbial characterization of basalt formation waters targeted for geological carbon sequestration, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.85, issue.1, pp.62-73, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/1574-6941.12098

L. H. Lin, P. Wang, D. Rumble, J. Lippmann-pipke, E. Boice et al., Long term biosustainability in a high energy, low diversity crustal biome, Science, pp.314-479, 2006.

C. Magnabosco, M. Tekere, M. C. Lau, B. Linage, O. Kuloyo et al., Comparisons of the composition and biogeographic distribution of the bacterial communities occupying South African thermal springs with those inhabiting deep subsurface fracture water, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.58, issue.531, pp.1-17, 2014.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.65605-0

M. R. Mormile, M. A. Biesen, M. C. Gutierrez, A. Ventosa, J. B. Pavolich et al., Isolation of Halobacterium salinarum retrieved directly from halite brine inclusions, Environmental Microbiology, vol.46, issue.0, pp.1094-1102, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/35038060

Y. Nagano, T. Nagahama, Y. Hatada, and T. Nunoura, Fungal diversity in deep-sea sediments ??? the presence of novel fungal groups, National Science Foundation: EarthLab, NSF-sponsored report of underground opportunities in GeoSciences and GeoEngineering, pp.316-325, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.funeco.2010.01.002

M. Nyyssönen, M. Bomberg, A. Kapanen, A. Nousiainen, P. Pitkänen et al., Methanogenic and Sulphate-Reducing Microbial Communities in Deep Groundwater of Crystalline Rock Fractures in Olkiluoto, Finland, Geomicrobiology Journal, vol.33, issue.10, pp.863-87810, 1080.
DOI : 10.1080/01490458109377773

K. Pedersen, Microbial life in deep granitic rock, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.20, issue.3-4, pp.399-414, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00325.x

K. Pedersen, J. Aringer, S. Eriksson, A. Hallbeck, L. Hallbeck et al., Numbers, biomass and cultivable diversity of microbial populations relate to depth and borehole-specific conditions in groundwater from depths of 4???450???m in Olkiluoto, Finland, The ISME Journal, vol.39, issue.7, pp.760-775, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ismej.2008.43

T. J. Phelps, C. B. Fliermans, T. R. Garland, S. M. Pfiffner, and D. C. White, Methods for recovery of deep terrestrial subsurface sediments for microbiological studies, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.9, issue.4, pp.267-28010, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7012(89)90069-9

J. Reitner, G. A. Schumann, K. Pedersen, and G. J. Gadd, Fungi in subterranean environments, Fungi in Biogenchemical Cycles, pp.788-1002, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511550522.017

B. F. Russell, T. J. Phelps, W. T. Griffin, and K. A. Sargent, Procedures for Sampling Deep Subsurface Microbial Communities in Unconsolidated Sediments, Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, vol.7, issue.1, pp.96-104, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1992.tb00414.x

J. W. Sahl, R. Schmidt, E. D. Swanner, K. W. Mandernack, A. S. Templeton et al., Subsurface Microbial Diversity in Deep-Granitic-Fracture Water in Colorado, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.74, issue.1, pp.143-1521001133, 1128.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.01133-07

S. Salter, M. J. Cox, E. M. Turek, S. T. Calus, W. O. Cookson et al., Reagent contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses, pp.1-12, 2014.
DOI : 10.1101/007187

J. L. Sinclair and W. C. Ghiorse, Distribution of aerobic bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi in deep subsurface sediments, Geomicrobiology Journal, vol.24, issue.1-2, pp.15-31, 1989.
DOI : 10.1080/01490458509385918

N. H. Sleep, A. Meibom, T. Fridriksson, R. G. Coleman, and D. K. Bird, H2-rich fluids from serpentinization: Geochemical and biotic implications, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.35, pp.12818-12823, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0405289101

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC516479

D. C. Smith, A. J. Spivack, M. R. Fisk, S. A. Haveman, and H. Staugudigel, and Ocean Drilling Program Leg 185 Shipboard Scientific Party: Tracer-based estimates of drilling-induced microbial contamination of deep sea crust, Geomicrobiol. J, vol.17, pp.207-21910, 1080.

H. Stan-lotter and S. Frendihan, Deep biosphere of salt deposits, in: Encyclopedia of geobiology, 2011.

T. O. Stevens and J. P. Mckinley, Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystems in Deep Basalt Aquifers, Science, vol.270, issue.5235, pp.450-454, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.270.5235.450

J. M. Thomas, D. P. Moser, J. C. Fisher, J. Reihle, A. Wheatley et al., Using water chemistry, isotopes and microbiology to evaluate groundwater sources, flow paths and geochemical reactions in the Death Valley flow system, USA, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, pp.842-845, 2013.

P. Wang, L. Lin, H. Yu, T. Cheng, S. Song et al., Cultivation-Based Characterization of Microbial Communities Associated with Deep Sedimentary Rocks from Taiwan Chelungpu Drilling Project Cores, Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, vol.18, issue.2, pp.395-412395, 2007.
DOI : 10.3319/TAO.2007.18.2.395(TCDP)

K. C. Wrighton, B. C. Thomas, I. Sharon, C. S. Miller, C. J. Castelle et al., Fermentation, Hydrogen, and Sulfur Metabolism in Multiple Uncultivated Bacterial Phyla, Science, vol.337, issue.6102, pp.1661-1665, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1224041

M. D. Zoback and R. Emmermann, Scientific rationale for the establishment of an international program of continental scientific drilling, Potsdam, International Lithosphere program, Coordinated Committee Continental Drilling (CC4), 150 pp, 1994.

C. E. Zobell, THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN THE FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS, Science, vol.102, issue.2650, pp.364-369, 1945.
DOI : 10.1126/science.102.2650.364