A. Enayati and J. Hemingway, Malaria Management: Past, Present, and Future, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.569-91, 2010.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085423

J. Hemingway and H. Ranson, Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Human Disease, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.371-391, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.371

A. Rivero, J. Vézilier, M. Weill, A. Read, and S. Gandon, Insecticide Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: When Is Insecticide Resistance a Problem?, PLoS Pathogens, vol.6, issue.8, p.20700451, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001000.s001

C. Atyame, N. Pasteur, E. Dumas, P. Tortosa, M. Tantely et al., Cytoplasmic incompatibility as a means to control Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquito in the islands of the southwestern Indian Ocean, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.5, p.22206033, 2011.

R. Moretti and M. Calvitti, ), Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol.101, issue.4, pp.377-386, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01061.x

O. Connor, L. Plichart, C. , C. Sang, A. Brelsfoard et al., Open release of male mosquitoes infected with a Wolbachia biopesticide: field performance and infection containment, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.6, issue.11, p.23166845, 2012.

K. Bourtzis, S. Dobson, Z. Xi, J. Rasgon, M. Calvitti et al., Harnessing mosquito???Wolbachia symbiosis for vector and disease control, Acta Tropica, vol.132, pp.150-163, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.004

J. Werren, L. Baldo, and M. Clark, Wolbachia: master manipulators of invertebrate biology, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.12, issue.10, pp.741-51, 2008.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.64515-0

J. Rasgon and T. Scott, Wolbachia and cytoplasmic incompatibility in the California Culex pipiens mosquito species complex: parameter estimates and infection dynamics in natural populations, Genetics, vol.165, pp.2029-2038, 2003.

J. Yen and A. Barr, New Hypothesis of the Cause of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in Culex pipiens L., Nature, vol.8, issue.5313, pp.657-658, 1971.
DOI : 10.1038/232657a0

P. Kittayapong, V. Baimai, O. Neill, and S. , Field prevalence of Wolbachia in the mosquito vector Aedes albopictus, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.66, issue.1, pp.108-119, 2002.

A. Hoffmann, Entomology: Incompatible mosquitoes, Nature, vol.436, issue.7048, pp.189-16015317, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/436189a

P. Kriesner, A. Hoffmann, S. Lee, M. Turelli, and A. Weeks, Rapid Sequential Spread of Two Wolbachia Variants in Drosophila simulans, PLoS Pathogens, vol.22, issue.9, p.24068927, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003607.s001

M. Turelli and A. Hoffmann, Rapid spread of an inherited incompatibility factor in California Drosophila, Nature, vol.353, issue.6343, pp.440-442, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/353440a0

G. Bian, D. Joshi, Y. Dong, P. Lu, G. Zhou et al., Wolbachia Invades Anopheles stephensi Populations and Induces Refractoriness to Plasmodium Infection, Science, vol.340, issue.6133, pp.748-751, 2013.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1236192

M. Blagrove, C. Arias-goeta, A. Failloux, and S. Sinkins, Wolbachia strain wMel induces cytoplasmic incompatibility and blocks dengue transmission in Aedes albopictus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.109, issue.1, pp.255-60, 2012.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1112021108
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00647866

Z. Kambris, A. Blagborough, S. Pinto, M. Blagrove, H. Godfray et al., Wolbachia Stimulates Immune Gene Expression and Inhibits Plasmodium Development in Anopheles gambiae, PLoS Pathogens, vol.113, issue.10, p.20949079, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001143.t001

L. Moreira, I. Iturbe-ormaetxe, J. Jeffery, G. Lu, A. Pyke et al., A Wolbachia Symbiont in Aedes aegypti Limits Infection with Dengue, Chikungunya, and Plasmodium, Cell, vol.139, issue.7, pp.1268-1278, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.042

T. Walker, P. Johnson, L. Moreira, I. Iturbe-ormaetxe, F. Frentiu et al., The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations, Nature, vol.74, issue.7361, pp.450-455, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10355

A. Hoffmann, B. Montgomery, J. Popovici, I. Iturbe-ormaetxe, P. Johnson et al., Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission, Nature, vol.53, issue.7361, pp.454-457, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10356

A. Apostolaki, I. Livadaras, A. Saridaki, A. Chrysargyris, C. Savakis et al., Transinfection of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae with Wolbachia: towards a symbiont-based population control strategy, Journal of Applied Entomology, vol.132, issue.7, pp.546-553, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2011.01614.x

K. Bourtzis, Wolbachia- Based Technologies for Insect Pest Population Control, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.627, pp.104-117, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6_9

S. Zabalou, M. Riegler, M. Theodorakopoulou, C. Stauffer, C. Savakis et al., Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility as a means for insect pest population control, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.42, pp.15042-15045, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0403853101

H. Laven, Eradication of Culex pipiens fatigans through Cytoplasmic Incompatibility, Nature, vol.177, issue.5113, pp.383-384, 1967.
DOI : 10.1038/216383a0

D. Fonseca, N. Keyghobadi, C. Malcolm, C. Mehmet, F. Schaffner et al., Emerging Vectors in the Culex pipiens Complex, Science, vol.303, issue.5663, pp.1535-1538, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1094247

R. Harbach, Culex pipiens: Species Versus Species Complex ??? Taxonomic History and Perspective, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, vol.28, issue.4s, pp.10-23, 2012.
DOI : 10.2987/8756-971X-28.4.10

O. Duron, J. Lagnel, R. M. Bourtzis, K. Fort, P. Weill et al., Transposable element polymorphism of Wolbachia in the mosquito Culex pipiens: evidence of genetic diversity, superinfection and recombination, Molecular Ecology, vol.17, issue.5, pp.1561-1573, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2011(73)90141-9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00193163

O. Duron, P. Fort, and M. Weill, Hypervariable prophage WO sequences describe an unexpected high number of Wolbachia variants in the mosquito Culex pipiens, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.22, issue.2, pp.495-502, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2011(73)90141-9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00300411

C. Atyame, F. Delsuc, N. Pasteur, M. Weill, and O. Duron, Diversification of Wolbachia Endosymbiont in the Culex pipiens Mosquito, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.28, issue.10, pp.2761-2772, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msr083

E. Dumas, C. Atyame, P. Milesi, D. Fonseca, E. Shaikevich et al., Population structure of Wolbachia and cytoplasmic introgression in a complex of mosquito species, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.13, issue.1, p.181, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00938.x

C. Atyame, O. Duron, P. Tortosa, N. Pasteur, P. Fort et al., Multiple Wolbachia determinants control the evolution of cytoplasmic incompatibilities in Culex pipiens mosquito populations, Molecular Ecology, vol.178, issue.Pt 2, pp.286-298, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04937.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00649573

T. Balenghien, E. Cardinale, C. V. Elissa, N. Failloux, A. et al., Towards a better understanding of Rift Valley fever epidemiology in the south-west of the Indian Ocean, Veterinary Research, vol.44, issue.1, pp.2-10, 2013.
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0293
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00868770

N. Pocquet, P. Milesi, P. Makoundou, S. Unal, B. Zumbo et al., Multiple Insecticide Resistances in the Disease Vector Culex p. Quinquefasciatus from Western Indian Ocean, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.158, p.24204997, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0077855.s001

M. Tantely, P. Tortosa, H. Alout, C. Berticat, A. Berthomieu et al., Insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes from La R??union Island, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.40, issue.4, pp.317-341, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.02.005

C. Atyame, P. Labbé, E. Dumas, P. Milesi, S. Charlat et al., Wolbachia Divergence and the Evolution of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in Culex pipiens, PLoS ONE, vol.15, issue.3, p.24498078
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0087336.s001

O. Duron and M. Weill, Wolbachia infection influences the development of Culex pipiens embryo in incompatible crosses, Heredity, vol.35, issue.6, pp.493-500, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800831
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00300430

E. Chambers, L. Hapairai, B. Peel, H. Bossin, and S. Dobson, Male Mating Competitiveness of a Wolbachia-Introgressed Aedes polynesiensis Strain under Semi-Field Conditions, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.48, issue.1, p.21829750, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001271.t002

C. Oliva, M. Maier, J. Gilles, M. Jacquet, G. Lemperiere et al., Effects of irradiation, presence of females, and sugar supply on the longevity of sterile males Aedes albopictus (Skuse) under semi-field conditions on Reunion Island, Acta Tropica, vol.125, issue.3, pp.287-93, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.11.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274583

O. Duron, A. Boureux, P. Echaubard, A. Berthomieu, C. Berticat et al., Variability and Expression of Ankyrin Domain Genes in Wolbachia Variants Infecting the Mosquito Culex pipiens, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.189, issue.12, pp.4442-4448, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00142-07
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00424353

R. Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, pp.3-900051, 2013.

O. Duron, J. Bernard, C. Atyame, E. Dumas, and M. Weill, Rapid evolution of Wolbachia incompatibility types, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.2, issue.5, pp.4473-80, 1746.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.01731-08

M. Clark, Z. Veneti, K. Bourtzis, and T. Karr, Wolbachia distribution and cytoplasmic incompatibility during sperm development: the cyst as the basic cellular unit of CI expression, Mechanisms of Development, vol.120, issue.2, pp.185-198, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00424-0

P. Tortosa, S. Charlat, P. Labbé, J. Dehecq, H. Barré et al., Wolbachia Age-Sex-Specific Density in Aedes albopictus: A Host Evolutionary Response to Cytoplasmic Incompatibility?, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.3, p.20300514, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0009700.t001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00539452

M. Calvitti, R. Moretti, A. Skidmore, and S. Dobson, Wolbachia strain wPip yields a pattern of cytoplasmic incompatibility enhancing a Wolbachia-based suppression strategy against the disease vector Aedes albopictus, Parasites & Vectors, vol.5, issue.1, p.23146564, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001024

L. Facchinelli, L. Valerio, J. Ramsey, F. Gould, R. Walsh et al., Field Cage Studies and Progressive Evaluation of Genetically-Engineered Mosquitoes, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.470, issue.7333, p.23350003, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002001.s011

K. Jannat and B. Roitberg, s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae), Journal of Vector Ecology, vol.102, issue.1, pp.120-126, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12017.x

W. Takken, M. Klowden, and G. Chambers, Articles: Effect of Body Size on Host Seeking and Blood Meal Utilization in Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae): the Disadvantage of Being Small, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.35, issue.5, pp.639-645, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/jmedent/35.5.639

A. Barr, Cytoplasmic incompatibility in natural populations of a mosquito, Culex pipiens L., Nature, vol.13, issue.5742, pp.71-73, 1980.
DOI : 10.1038/283071a0

C. Curtis, G. Brooks, M. Ansari, K. Grover, B. Krishnamurthy et al., A FIELD TRIAL ON CONTROL OF CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS BY RELEASE OF MALES OF A STRAIN INTEGRATING CYTOPLASMIC INCOMPATIBILITY AND A TRANSLOCATION, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.29, issue.suppl., pp.181-190, 1982.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1982.tb03133.x

O. Duron, R. M. Weill, and M. , Many compatible Wolbachia strains coexist within natural populations of Culex pipiens mosquito, Heredity, vol.164, issue.6, pp.986-993, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro1969

P. Papathanos, H. Bossin, M. Benedict, F. Catteruccia, C. Malcolm et al., Sex separation strategies: past experience and new approaches, Malaria Journal, vol.8, issue.Suppl 2, p.5, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-8-S2-S5
URL : http://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-s2-s5

S. Zabalou, A. Apostolaki, I. Livadaras, G. Franz, A. Robinson et al., genetic sexing strain, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.265, issue.3, pp.232-240, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00886.x

J. Gilles, M. Schetelig, F. Scolari, F. Marec, M. Capurro et al., Towards mosquito sterile insect technique programmes: Exploring genetic, molecular, mechanical and behavioural methods of sex separation in mosquitoes, Acta Tropica, vol.132, pp.178-187, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.015

B. Dodson, G. Hughes, O. Paul, A. Matacchiero, L. Kramer et al., Wolbachia Enhances West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection in the Mosquito Culex tarsalis, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.9, issue.7, p.25010200, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002965.s002

F. Zele, A. Berthomieu, M. Weill, O. Duron, and A. Rivero, Wolbachia increases susceptibility to Plasmodium infection in a natural system, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.177, issue.4, p.24500167, 1779.
DOI : 10.1086/659002